tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-43048538256206374522024-03-14T01:43:53.018-07:00 Reflections from Rabbi Daniel Bouskila "A poet who lacks knowledge is like a wick without oil" (S.Y. Agnon)
Rabbi Daniel Bouskilahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15666138196827694495noreply@blogger.comBlogger38125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4304853825620637452.post-2532409048510644952021-04-15T00:31:00.011-07:002021-04-16T10:15:49.992-07:00We Have Not Lost Hope: From the Valley of Dry Bones to Medinat Yisrael<p><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: large;"><span>In the year 1560, the Sephardic historian Yosef Ha-Kohen composed his famous</span><span> </span><i>Emek Ha-Bakha – The Valley of Tears – </i><span>chronicling the long history of suffering and persecution of the Jewish people. His own family experienced this persecution first-hand, for Yosef was born in Avignon, France in 1496, and not in his parent’s home land of Spain. For it was just four years before his birth, in 1492, that his parents, along with the rest of Spanish Jewry, were expelled from Spain.</span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: large;">Meant to be read on <i>Tisha B’Av </i>(the fast day when Jews mourn many tragedies, including the destruction of both Temples that stood in Jerusalem and the expulsion from Spain), <i>Emek Ha-Bakha </i>– <i>The Valley of Tears </i>– was written in classic Biblical Hebrew. It was not until centuries later that this Sephardic text would be translated into Ladino as <i>El Vaye de los yoros. </i>This Ladino translation and publication took place in Salonika, in 1935, just a few years before the Holocaust, a tragedy where 6 million Jews were murdered – including 95% of the Jews of Salonika. Indeed, Salonika tragically became <i>El Vaye de los yoros.</i></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: large;"><br /></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">Long before the composition of Ha-Kohen’s</span><i style="font-family: georgia;"><span>Valley of Tears</span>, </i><span style="font-family: georgia;">the Biblical prophet Ezekiel wrote down his prophetic vision regarding another valley:</span><span><span style="font-family: georgia;"> </span><b style="font-family: georgia;">“The Valley of Dry Bones.”</b></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><i><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: large;"> </span></i></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: large;">As we journey from <i>Yom Hashoah </i>(Holocaust Memorial Day) through <i>Yom Hazikaron </i>(Memorial Day for Fallen IDF Soldiers) to <i>Yom Ha’atsmaut </i>(Israel’s Independence Day), Ezekiel’s prophecy of the Dry Bones inspires a contemporary understanding of its subject matter.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: large;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: large;">The prophet Ezekiel says:<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: large;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: large;"><i>The hand of the Lord was upon me, and carried me out in the spirit of the Lord, and set me down in the midst of the valley which was full of bones…and He said to me: ‘Son of man, can these bones live?’ And I answered: ‘O Lord God, only You know.’ Again He said to me: ‘Prophesy over these bones, and say to them -- ‘O dry bones, hear the word of the Lord. Thus says the Lord God to these bones – Behold, I will cause breath to enter into you, and you shall live, and I will lay sinews upon you, and I will bring flesh upon you, and cover you with skin, and put breath in you, and you shall live, and you shall know that I am the Lord.’<o:p></o:p></i></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><i><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: large;"> </span></i></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: large;">Understood in its modern context, this “Valley of Dry Bones” could very well be any concentration camp in 1945. With that in mind, we continue reading:<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: large;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: large;"><i>So I prophesied as He commanded me, and the breath came into them, and they lived, and stood up on their feet, an exceeding great army. Then He said to me: ‘Son of man, these bones are the whole house of Israel; behold, they say – <b>Our bones are dried, and our hope is lost</b>, we are clean cut off.’ Therefore prophesy and say to them: ‘Behold, O my people, I will open your graves, and cause you to come up out of your graves, <b>and bring you into the Land of Israel. </b>And you shall know that I am the Lord, when I have opened your graves, O my people, and I have brought you up out of your graves, and I shall put my spirit in you, and you shall live, <b>and I shall place you in your own land – then you shall know that I the Lord have spoken, and performed it, says the Lord.<o:p></o:p></b></i></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><b><i><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: large;"> </span></i></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: large;">In 1945, after 6 million Jews were murdered in the Holocaust, thousands of Jews who survived the Holocaust looked and felt like “dry bones.” The images of displaced persons camps were that of a “Valley of Dry Bones,” and, indeed, the best words to aptly describe how the survivors felt are <b><i>“Our bones are dried, and our hope is lost.”<o:p></o:p></i></b></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><b><i><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: large;"> </span></i></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: large;">The Hebrew words spoken by the original dry bones in Ezekiel expressing that “<b><i>our hope is lost” </i></b> -- <b><i>“Avda Tikvatenu” – </i></b>served as inspiration for Israel’s national anthem – Hatikvah – which boldly alters the Biblical text and now declares <b><i>“<span style="color: red;">Od Lo</span> Avda Tikvatenu” – “We <span style="color: red;">have not</span> lost hope</i></b>.”<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: large;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: large;">The arrival of Holocaust survivors <b><i>“into the Land of Israel…in your own land” </i></b> -- now as the emerging State of Israel – is the modern-day fulfillment of these prophetic words. So, too, was the ability of these very survivors to rise up from the ashes of the Holocaust and join <i style="font-weight: bold;">“an exceeding great army” - </i>the Israel Defense Forces (IDF) -<i style="font-weight: bold;"> </i>that would help establish and defend a renewed independent homeland for the Jewish people.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: large;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: large;">Once known as the “Jerusalem of the Balkans,” Salonika’s Jewish community is lost forever. So, too, are all of the once-great Jewish communities of Europe, all wiped out in the Shoah. We mourn their loss – the people, the institutions and the lifestyle – all devastated by the evil of the Nazis. </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: large;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: large;">Yet, in the spirit of Ezekiel’s vision<i>, </i>our spirits are renewed, and we build life anew. From Ezekiel’s Valley of the Dry Bones, through Ha-Kohen’s Valley of Tears after the expulsion from Spain, and all the way to <i>El Vaye de los yoros </i>and the destruction of Salonika and Six Million Jews in the Shoah, we never lost hope. </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: large;"><br /></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: large;">Indeed, in the face of such tragedies, including the loss of close to 24,000 brave men and women of that <b><i>exceeding great army -</i></b> the IDF - we do not say <b><i>Avda Tikvatenu - </i></b><i style="font-weight: bold;">our hope is lost</i><i>.</i> Instead, we celebrate <i>Yom Ha’atzmaut </i>and proudly declare in our national anthem: <b><i><span style="color: red;">Od Lo</span> Avda Tikvatenu – We have<span style="color: red;"> not </span>lost hope</i></b>. </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: large;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: large;">Chag Atzmaut Sameach.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: large;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: large;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: large;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: large;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><o:p><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: large;"> </span></o:p></p>Rabbi Daniel Bouskilahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15666138196827694495noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4304853825620637452.post-7579094045875109782021-04-01T20:57:00.002-07:002021-04-01T23:37:07.842-07:00Three Leos, Three Giant Leaps for Mankind (Dvar Torah for the Seventh Day of Pesach, the anniversary of the crossing of the Red Sea)<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24px; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;">Although we are nearing the end of Passover, we still have a grand event to celebrate this week – the exodus! But didn’t we do that at the Seder? Yes, but according to Biblical chronology, the night of the Seder is the date when we ate the Paschal Sacrifice in Egypt, which was the first step in our liberation. It then took us one week to journey to the banks of the Red Sea, making the actual date for the miraculous climax of the exodus from Egypt – the crossing of the Red Sea – on the Seventh Day of Passover (which we celebrate this coming Shabbat/Saturday).<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24px; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24px; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><o:p><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"> </span></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24px; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;">The Seventh Day of Passover is a day to celebrate those whose astrological sign is Leo. Why? Let me explain.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24px; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><o:p><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"> </span></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24px; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;">When looking at horoscope descriptions of the sign “Leo,” they almost all typically include something to this effect: “Leos have the power to inspire others, are natural leaders and chiefs, can lead people through dangerous situations, they lead by example, have an extremely independent spirit, have great tenacity of purpose and will power, and once they put their mind to something, they usually reach their goal in spite of every difficulty and obstacle.”<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24px; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><o:p><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"> </span></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24px; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;">One of the most famous Leos in history is the first human being to conquer the space frontier and “take a walk in space.” Born August 5, 1930, Neil Armstrong had an illustrious career as a pilot and aerospace engineer, but he will always be known for making history as the first man to step onto the moon. On July 21, 1969, at 2:56 UTC, Neil Armstrong, a brave space explorer, made human history by stepping out of Apollo 11, walking down the ladder of the Apollo Lunar Module, and as his boot stepped on a surface where no human foot had ever stepped before, he spoke his now famous words: “That’s one small step for a man, one giant leap for mankind.” Just like that, with one step, Neil Armstrong changed history forever.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24px; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><o:p><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"> </span></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24px; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;">Thousands of years earlier, long before space exploration or moon walks were even a discussion, another Leo took a courageous leap that forever changed history. Here is the scene: The Jewish people finally begin their journey towards leaving Egypt, when Pharaoh has a sudden change of heart, and gathers his entire army to chase after the Jews. He catches them as they are camping on the banks of the Red Sea. “As Pharaoh came close, the Israelites looked up. They saw the Egyptians marching at their rear, and the people became very frightened” (Exodus 14:10).<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24px; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><o:p><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"> </span></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24px; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;">The Jewish people are now stuck between Pharaoh’s army in hot pursuit of them from behind, and a massive sea in front of them. In fear and desperation, they cry out to Moses, who tells them not to fear, and to have faith in God. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24px; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><o:p><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"> </span></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24px; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;">The Talmud records an intriguing tradition about what happened at that moment. Without knowing what would happen next, the people decided that they had to take their chances and move ahead into the Red Sea. The tribes started to argue about who would first step into the sea. “Rabbi Judah says: Each tribe was unwilling to be the first to enter the sea. <b>Suddenly, Nachshon Ben Aminadav sprang forward and was the first to leap into the sea”</b>(Talmud Sotah 37a). Only after Nachson jumped into the stormy waters did God then command Moses to extend his staff over the sea, and only then did the waters begin to split. The great miracle of the crossing of the Red Sea was certainly a miracle from God, but Nachshon’s courageous leap into the stormy waters is what jumpstarted the miracle. This episode characterizes the classic Talmudic dictum that “we do not rely upon miracles,” and that “God helps those who help themselves.”<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24px; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><o:p><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"> </span></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24px; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;">Who was Nachshon Ben Aminadav? He was a classic Leo. To start with, he was the Prince and Leader of the Tribe of Judah, whose symbol is…a lion! His actions certainly were in line with the typical Leo descriptions. He was a leader and chief, inspired his people, led them through a dangerous situation, and did not allow any obstacles to stand in his way. By taking his courageous “leap of faith,” Nachshon not only made history, but also triggered the greatest of all miracles ever recorded in history.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24px; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><o:p><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"> </span></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24px; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;">So it was, early in the morning on the 21<sup>st</sup>of Nisan – on the Seventh Day of Pesach -- some 3000-plus years ago, Nachshon Ben Aminadav – in the true Leo spirit – took a “giant leap for mankind.” His was not onto the moon, but into the stormy and uncertain waters of the Red Sea. He wore no special protective gear, and his journey to the sea was not a historic space voyage. It was an escape from 210 years of slavery, in search of freedom. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24px; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><o:p><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"> </span></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24px; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;">Nachshon Ben Aminadav – the “father of all Leos,” and the man from whom princes and kings descended – took a giant leap into the sea that not only set a path for his people to cross over in safety, but brought about a revolutionary new way of thinking in the world. He did not conquer space, rather he conquered the human spirit, introducing a new idea to the world: no human being should be enslaved. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24px; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><o:p><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"> </span></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24px; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;">Thinking about it, Nachshon’s “leap for mankind” 3000-plus years ago led to Neil Armstrong’s “leap for mankind” on the moon, for it is only a human being living in a free and open society, void of slavery, who could dare to dream of taking a voyage into space and stepping onto the moon. Neil can thank Nachshon for that. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24px; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><o:p><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"> </span></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24px; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;">One other “Leo-like” leader can thank Nachshon for his inspirational leap. Although not born under the Leo star, this leader’s bold declaration of the State of Israel – “one giant leap for the Jewish people” – certainly fits the Leo mold. Not surprising, therefore, that the man born with the name “David Grun” changed his name to “Ben Gurion.” In Hebrew, “Ben Gurion” means “my lion cub.”<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24px; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><o:p><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"> </span></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24px; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;">From the banks of the Red Sea, on the moon in outer space, and in a tiny country with a lion’s heart, Leos everywhere can be proud. As a Leo, I know I am. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24px; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><o:p><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"> </span></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24px; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><o:p><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"> </span></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24px; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><o:p><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"> </span></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24px; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><o:p><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"> </span></o:p></p>Rabbi Daniel Bouskilahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15666138196827694495noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4304853825620637452.post-52969082164289480252021-03-26T00:20:00.001-07:002021-03-26T00:21:46.140-07:00Passover and Modern-Day Zionism: Three Sephardic Chief Rabbis, Three Opinions<p> <span style="color: #232323; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 14pt; letter-spacing: -0.5pt;">“This year we are here, next year in the Land of Israel. This year we are still slaves, next year may we be a free people.” This text appears in most Ashkenazi versions of the Passover Haggadah.</span></p><style class="WebKit-mso-list-quirks-style">
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</style><p style="font-size: medium; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; margin-top: 0in;"><span style="color: #232323; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 14pt; letter-spacing: -0.5pt;">In the Sephardic version, the second line is slightly different. It reads, “This year we are still slaves here in exile, next year may we be a free people <b>in the Land of Israel</b>.”<o:p></o:p></span></p><p style="font-size: medium; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; margin-top: 0in;"><span style="color: #232323; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 14pt; letter-spacing: -0.5pt;">Given the emphasis on “exile vs. Israel” in the Sephardic version, how did Sephardic rabbis in post-1948 Israel understand the Haggadah in light of the newly declared Jewish state?<o:p></o:p></span></p><p style="font-size: medium; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; margin-top: 0in;"><span style="color: #232323; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 14pt; letter-spacing: -0.5pt;">In a pre-Passover address in April 1949, Rabbi Ben-Zion Meir Hai Uziel, who was born in Jerusalem and served as Sephardic Chief Rabbi under Ottoman and British rule, recognized the paradox of saying we are still slaves in exile. Just 11 months earlier, on May 14, 1948, he was in “the room where it happened” when David Ben-Gurion said, “We hereby declare the establishment of a Jewish state in Eretz-Yisrael, to be known as the State of Israel.”<o:p></o:p></span></p><p style="font-size: medium; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; margin-top: 0in;"><span style="color: #232323; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 14pt; letter-spacing: -0.5pt;">Now as the Sephardic Chief Rabbi of the first Jewish State in close to 2,000 years, Rav Uziel said: “Throughout our lengthy exile, Passover infused us with the hope to be redeemed in our ancestral homeland. By the grace of God and the Israeli military, we are now happy to say: This year we are a free people in the Land of Israel.”<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-size: medium; margin-bottom: 7.5pt;"><span style="color: #232323; font-size: 14pt; letter-spacing: -0.5pt;">By mimicking the Haggadah’s language to reflect the Jewish people’s new reality, Rav Uziel seemed to infer that the change in the Jewish people’s status warranted a change in the Haggadah’s text.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-size: medium; margin-bottom: 7.5pt;"><span style="color: #232323; font-size: 14pt; letter-spacing: -0.5pt;">Rav Uziel’s successor to the Sephardic Chief Rabbinate was Rabbi Yitzhak Nissim.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-size: medium; margin-bottom: 7.5pt;"><span style="color: #232323; font-size: 14pt; letter-spacing: -0.5pt;">In 1958, Rav Nissim called Passover “the holiday that most deeply preserved the connection between the Jewish people and the Land of Israel.” He proclaimed the modern State of Israel as “the beginning of our redemption,” but said that we have “yet to cross the sea into complete freedom.” Different than Rav Uziel’s idealistic Israel of 1949, by 1958, Israel was a deeply divided society, especially along Sephardic-Ashkenazi ethnic lines. Given this reality, Rav Nissim used the metaphor of God “tearing apart” (kara in Hebrew) the sea, saying, “we cannot declare ourselves a fully free people on Passover until we ‘tear apart’ all of these divisions in our midst.”<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-size: medium; margin-bottom: 7.5pt;"><span style="color: #232323; font-size: 14pt; letter-spacing: -0.5pt;">In 1973, Rabbi Ovadia Yosef replaced Rav Nissim as Israel’s new Sephardic Chief Rabbi. By then a renowned scholar of halakha (Jewish law), Rav Ovadia Yosef counted among his many published books a detailed commentary to the Passover Haggadah titled “Hazon Ovadia.”<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-size: medium; margin-bottom: 7.5pt;"><span style="color: #232323; font-size: 14pt; letter-spacing: -0.5pt;">Reflecting upon the stanza in the song “Dayyenu” that states, “Had God given us the Torah but not brought us into the Land of Israel, that would have been enough(Dayyenu),” Rav OvadiaYosef writes:<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-size: medium; margin-bottom: 7.5pt;"><span style="color: #232323; font-size: 14pt; letter-spacing: -0.5pt;">“These words are directed against the secular Zionists who think you can build the Land of Israel without the Torah of Israel. The Torah precedes the Land of Israel in importance, because the Land of Israel without Torah is no better than living in the diaspora. Indeed, it is preferable to stay in the diaspora as an observant Jew rather than angering God by living a secular lifestyle in the Land of Israel.”<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-size: medium; margin-bottom: 7.5pt;"><span style="color: #232323; font-size: 14pt; letter-spacing: -0.5pt;">In a radical departure from his Sephardic predecessors, Rav Ovadia Yosef demystifies the existence of the modern State of Israel and posits that the secular orientation of Zionism actually angers God. Rav Ovadia Yosef’s creative reading of “Dayyenu” deems it preferable for the Jewish people to have stayed “in exile” as religiously observant Jews rather than being a “free people in the Land of Israel” in a Jewish state with a decidedly secular orientation.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-size: medium; margin-bottom: 7.5pt;"><span style="color: #232323; font-size: 14pt; letter-spacing: -0.5pt;">Israel’s first three Sephardic Chief Rabbis inspire a new set of “Four Questions”: <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-bottom: 7.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #232323; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">1.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #232323; font-size: 14pt; letter-spacing: -0.5pt;">Are those of us living in exile still in slavery? <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 7.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #232323; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">2.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #232323; font-size: 14pt; letter-spacing: -0.5pt;">Does Jewish independence in Israel automatically mean Jewish emancipation? <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 7.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #232323; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">3.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #232323; font-size: 14pt; letter-spacing: -0.5pt;">Is a divided Israel a true expression of freedom? <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-bottom: 7.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #232323; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">4.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #232323; font-size: 14pt; letter-spacing: -0.5pt;">Can secularism and religiosity coexist in a Jewish state?<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-size: medium; margin-bottom: 7.5pt;"><span style="color: #232323; font-size: 14pt; letter-spacing: -0.5pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-size: medium; margin-bottom: 7.5pt;"><span style="color: #232323; font-size: 14pt; letter-spacing: -0.5pt;">While all representing different viewpoints, modern-day Israel’s Israel’s first three Sephardic Chief Rabbis share in common a classic Sephardic trait: to make our Jewish texts relevant to our contemporary existence.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-size: medium; margin-bottom: 7.5pt;"><span style="color: #232323; font-size: 14pt; letter-spacing: -0.5pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-size: medium; margin-bottom: 7.5pt;"><span style="color: #232323; font-size: 14pt; letter-spacing: -0.5pt;">Make your Seder relevant by adding their questions to those already listed in the Haggadah. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p>Rabbi Daniel Bouskilahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15666138196827694495noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4304853825620637452.post-51852976250660914532018-07-20T07:16:00.002-07:002018-07-20T07:27:40.155-07:00Tisha B'Av in Jerusalem: A Ray of Hope<br />
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<span style="line-height: 18.399999618530273px;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: medium;">For many years, Tisha B’Av was off the radar of the modern-day Israeli narrative. Many Israelis viewed the ancient fast day as an antiquated observance lacking contemporary relevance. Some argued that Yom Hashoah and Yom Hazikaron are the “new Israeli Tisha B’Av,” and – especially after Jerusalem was reunited in 1967 – the on-going mourning over Jerusalem seemed outdated.</span></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 18.399999618530273px;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: medium;">Despite these feelings, beginning this coming Saturday night and lasting through Sunday night, millions of Jews around the world – including here in Israel (where I am for the summer) - will observe the fast day mourning the destruction of both Temples that once stood in Jerusalem. Why do we continue to fast and mourn on Tisha B’Av? </span></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 18.399999618530273px;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: medium;">In his introduction to the Book of Genesis, the Netziv (19<sup>th</sup>Century Rosh Yeshiva & Rabbinic Scholar) provides a powerful description of what happened on Tisha B’Av:</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: medium;"><span style="line-height: 18.399999618530273px;"> </span><i><span style="line-height: 18.399999618530273px;">The Jewish community of the Second Temple period was a crooked and perverse generation. True, they were Tsadikim (righteous) and Hasidim (pious), and amongst them lived many great Torah scholars. However, they were not Yesharim (upright and just) in their daily conduct towards one another. Therefore, as a result of the deeply rooted Sinat Hinam (baseless hatred) towards each other, each person looked upon his own religious behavior as being the only legitimate form of religiosity, and whoever did not believe or behave according to that form of religiosity was labeled a heretic. This perverse form of thinking led to zealotry, murder and the deepest divisiveness within the Jewish community. </span></i></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 18.399999618530273px;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: medium;">This negative behavior is also reflected in the special Haftarah (Prophetic portion) that we read this week. The Haftarah is taken from the opening chapter of the Book of Isaiah, which opens with the words “Hazon Yeshayahu” – “The Vision of Isaiah” – hence the name of this special pre-Tisha B’Av Shabbat is “Shabbat Hazon.” In this Haftarah, Isaiah had a vision of doom, where, in a metaphoric fashion, he named the Jewish people “Rulers of Sodom” and “People of Gomorrah” (Isaiah 1:10). Why would Isaiah use this metaphor? Sodom and Gomorrah represents the ultimate in a decadent society, totally void of morals and ethics. Pirkei Avot teaches “He who says <i>‘What is mine is mine, and what is yours is yours’</i>…<b>this is the behavior of Sodom</b>.” A selfish society where leaders don’t care about their people, where neighbors don’t care about each other, where the wealthy don’t care for the poor – such a society is doomed to destruction, like Sodom. Unfortunately, this happened to the Jewish State twice.</span></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 18.399999618530273px;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: medium;">In the Mishneh Torah (Code of Jewish Law), Maimonides takes this historical narrative one step further:</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: medium;"><span style="line-height: 18.399999618530273px;"> </span><i><span style="line-height: 18.399999618530273px;">There are days when the entire Jewish people fast because of the calamities that occurred to them then, <b>in order to arouse their hearts and initiate them in the paths of repentance (teshuva).</b>This will serve as a reminder of our own wicked conduct and that of our ancestors, which resembles our present conduct, and therefore brought these calamities upon them and upon us. <b>By reminding ourselves of these matters, we will repent and improve our conduct.</b></span></i></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 18.399999618530273px;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: medium;">Maimonides teaches that on Tisha B’Av, we are not only mourning the actual loss of the Temples, but are lamenting and reflecting upon our poor behavior that led to the destruction of both Temples.</span></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 18.399999618530273px;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: medium;">Is there a remedy to our own ills? If our own poor decisions and negative actions launched and extended the darkness of Tisha B’Av, can we also help create the light at the end of this seemingly endless dark tunnel? </span></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 18.399999618530273px;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: medium;">Maimonides emphasizes that the power of Tisha B’Av is when we conduct a moral check-up of the state of internal affairs in the Jewish world. In addition to fasting and reading the Book of Lamentations and Kinot, we must also conduct symposiums on what’s happening in our own Jewish communities today. But does this happen? Are Jewish communities willing to search deep within to see what requires “tikkun” (repair)?</span></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 18.399999618530273px;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: medium;">One Jewish community is willing to do this. It’s name: Israel. </span></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 18.399999618530273px;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: medium;">On November 4, 1995, when an Israeli Jew pulled the trigger on his own prime minister, Israelis were shocked into understanding the timeless message of Tisha B’Av. The concept of <i>Sinat Hinam</i>was alive and present in Israeli society, and had now reached its low point.</span></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 18.399999618530273px;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: medium;">On the first Tisha B’Av after Rabin’s assassination, a group of young Israelis – religious and secular – decided to get together and hold a symposium on what was going wrong in Israeli society. In light of Rabin’s assassination and the deep polarization it reflected within Israeli society, it was time to bring Tisha B’Av and its lessons of <i>Sinat Hinam</i>back into the discourse of Israeli society.</span></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 18.399999618530273px;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: medium;">Every subsequent Tisha B’Av, the small group grew in size, until one person had the brilliant idea of turning this symposium into a nationwide Tisha B’Av program. This idea succeeded due to a brilliant marketing campaign. On Tisha B’Av, it is prohibited to study Torah (the exception being studying the Book of Lamentations, or any section of the Talmud dealing with the destruction of Jerusalem). The organizers who sought to spread their Tisha B’Av program throughout Israel named this new initiative <i>Ha-Layla Lo Lomdim Torah – Tonight We Do Not Study Torah. </i>They picked themes relating to burning issues within Israeli society, and chose panelists who would attract crowds.<i></i>This marketing campaign caught the eyes of thousands of Israelis who started to become interested in Tisha B’Av.</span></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 18.399999618530273px;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: medium;">This coming Saturday night there will be 24 <i>Ha-Layla Lo Lomdim Torah </i>symposiums throughout Israel. The panels will feature Sephardim and Ashkenazim, religious and secular Israelis, members of Knesset, rabbis of all denominations, educators, authors, entertainers and social activists. Together they will sit and engage in dialogue about how to improve Israeli society.</span></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 18.399999618530273px;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: medium;">When a friend asked me how I observe Tisha B’Av in Jerusalem, I told him I go to the Kotel to mourn the past, and attend the symposiums to contemplate the future. I walk away from the Kotel feeling sad, but from the symposiums, I walk away filled with hope, as I feel that they are paving the way for the prophet Zechariah's vision, that one day – hopefully soon -- Tisha B’Av will be transformed from a day of mourning into “a day of joy and gladness for the Jewish people.” </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: medium;">Wishing you an easy and meaningful fast.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: medium;">Shabbat Shalom from Jerusalem,</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: medium;">Rabbi Daniel Bouskila</span></div>
Rabbi Daniel Bouskilahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15666138196827694495noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4304853825620637452.post-91161341254599833502018-04-12T00:49:00.000-07:002018-04-12T01:38:15.262-07:00Never Again: Those Who Fought Back (Thoughts for Yom Hashoah)<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">Although Israel declared her independence in 1948, it was not until 1953 that the Israeli government established an official day on the calendar in remembrance of the Holocaust. Why the delay? The Holocaust was a very touchy subject in the newfound Jewish state. From the beginning of the modern Zionist movement in the late 19th century, Zionist leaders were encouraging European Jews to leave Europe and move to Israel. They spoke of the great dream, vision and privilege of re-building a new Jewish state, but they also warned of the increasing anti-Semitism that was overtaking Europe. Most European Jews did not heed the Zionist call. This includes many anti-Zionist rabbis, whose “legacy” lives on in their Haredi descendants, who do not recognize Israel as a legitimate Jewish State, and who refuse to partake in the defense of Israel.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">Throughout the dark years of the Holocaust, while European Jews were being killed by the thousands everyday, the pioneers of the Zionist Yishuv (settlement) in the Land of Israel were busy building what ended up becoming the new State of Israel. In addition to building kibbutzim, moshavim, and new cities like Tel Aviv, they were also building something that Jews did not have in nearly 2000 years – an army. Building a new Jewish military did not just involve training and weapons tactics, but something much greater and more challenging – a new Jewish mindset. After years of persecution, pogroms and expulsions, where Jews were forced to accept their fate without an option of self-defense, it was now the task of the Zionist leadership in Israel to train a new generation of Jews who were to be raised on the ideals of Jewish political independence, and Jewish military strength. Zionist leaders were committed to erase what they felt was the complacent mentality of diaspora Jews, and replace it with a new ideology where the Jews became masters of their own destiny. This type of thinking was being taught everywhere in the Yishuv – in schools, in public gatherings, in kibbutzim and in cities. Newspapers were filled with articles speaking in praise of Jewish political and military self-determination. Judah and the Maccabees became the new Jewish heroes, and walls everywhere had posters depicting the ideal “new Jew” – young and strong, with a pitchfork in hand and a rifle slung across his shoulder.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">As reports of the horrors of the Holocaust began to circulate around the world, the Zionist Yishuv continued to build up this new generation of Jewish pioneers and defenders of Israel. In addition to the new Jewish fighting forces being developed by the Zionist leadership (such as the Haganah, the Etzel and the Palmach), there was even a 5000-strong volunteer “Jewish Brigade” in the Yishuv – trained by the British – who, in November 1944, were dispatched to Europe to fight the Nazis. At all levels in the Yishuv, Jews were being taught that Jews have the right to defend themselves, and – when provoked or attacked – Jews fight back.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">With the end of World War II, Holocaust survivors started coming to the Land of Israel. Their initial greetings by the residents of the Yishuv were mixed and varied. Reactions to the new immigrants ranged from sympathetic pity and empathy to triumphant feelings of “I told you not to stay in Europe.” It wasn’t easy for the residents of the Yishuv -- who were raised on the ideals of Jewish strength and self-defense -- to accept the sight of their own Jewish brethren coming from Europe, physically emaciated, with a story that was largely one of Jewish helplessness and not fighting back. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">This unease about the Holocaust permeated throughout the Yishuv and into the early years of the State of Israel. The Holocaust was rarely spoken about in any official way, it wasn’t taught in schools, and there were no formal school or state ceremonies marking any sort of “Holocaust Memorial Day.” The dilemma regarding a “Yom HaShoah” that the new State of Israel contemplated was rooted in Zionism itself. Since Zionism is an ideology that is built upon Jews defending themselves, how can Zionist schools teach that “just a few years ago,” millions of Jews were deported from their homes, fenced into ghettos, forced into labor, and gassed to death in concentration camps? Worst of all, from the Zionist perspective, how could Zionist schools teach the young generation that was raised on Zionism that the Jews in Europe – with rare exception – did not fight back? What kind of message would a “Yom HaShoah” convey to young Israelis? Such were the dilemmas and debates about the Shoah and its commemoration in the early years of Israel. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">When the decision finally came to establish a “Yom HaShoah,” there were two essential issues on the table: the character and message of the day, and what date would “Yom HaShoah” actually be established on? The answer to both issues came wrapped up in one, and the official full name of the new commemoration begins to tell the story: Yom HaShoah V’Hagevurah – The Day of Holocaust and Herosim.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">It was decided that if the State of Israel was to establish a day commemorating the Holocaust, it’s aura would not exclusively be one of mourning the victims of the Shoah, but it would also honor the memory of those who did actually fight back against the Nazis. This “Shoah/Gevurah” combination was best expressed through the legendary Warsaw Ghetto Uprising, the largest, most famous (although not exclusive) episode of partisan fighter Jews who organized resistance against the Nazis. The anniversary of the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising is April 19, 1943, which on the Hebrew calendar is the 14th of Nisan, the eve of Passover. Due to the impracticality of establishing this new day on the calendar just before Passover, it was decided to move it to just after Passover, on the 27th of Nisan. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">Placing it on this date presented a new narrative beyond “Shoah/Gevurah.” It would now lead into the State of Israel’s two most important modern dates on her calendar, both of which fall just a week after the 27th of Nisan – Yom HaZikaron (Memorial Day for Israeli Soldiers – 4th of Iyar) and Yom Ha’atzmaut (Israeli Independence Day – 5th of Iyar). This calendar scenario of Yom HaShoah V’Hagevurah leading into Yom HaZikaron and Yom Ha’atzmaut presented a narrative known in Israel as “Mi-Shoah L’Tekumah,” which technically means “From Destruction to Re-Building,” and – in this case – means “From The Holocaust to the Rise of the State of Israel.” </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">With these dates firmly established on the State of Israel’s calendar, the educational message that Zionsim had taught throughout the days of the Yishuv would now come to light. Yom HaShoah V’Hagevurah would teach young Israelis that, in addition to Jews being gassed in concentration camps, there were also those who – in the spirit of Zionism – fought back against the Nazis. The horrors of Auschwitz were juxtaposed with the heroism of the Warsaw Ghetto fighters, and the many other ghetto fighters who mounted resistance against the Nazis. Students in Israel would not spend the day exclusively with images of Jews going to gas chambers “Like sheep to the slaughter,” but would also learn – and idealize – the strength and courage of those who fought back. Whereas Holocaust ceremonies throughout the world focus on tragic readings from children’s diaries and poems, with names like Anne Frank and Elie Wiesel taking center stage, Yom HaShoah V’Hagevurah ceremonies feature readings and stories about Mordecai Aniewelicz, Antek Zuckerman and Ziviah Lubetkin, all leaders of the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising. Field trips on Yom Hashoah V’Hagevurah are not limited to Yad Vashem in Jerusalem (Israel’s official museum and memorial to the Holocaust). Schools can alternatively choose a visit to the “Mi-Shoah L’Tekumah Museum” at Kibbutz Yad Mordecai in the Negev, a kibbutz named after Mordecai Aniewelicz, the Commander of the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising. They might also go up north to visit the Holocaust museum at Kibbutz Lochamei Ha-Geta’ot – The Ghetto Fighter’s Kibbutz founded by Holocaust survivors who were all members of resistance movements during the Shoah.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">Kibbutz Lochamei Ha-Geta’ot presents a moving denouement to the journey and message of Yom HaShoah V’Hagevurah. Amongst the founders of the kibbutz were Antek Zuckerman and Zviah Lubetkin, a brave husband and wife who fought side by side in the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising. In Israel, Antek and Zviah became symbols of Jewish heroism, and their story typified the “Shoah/Gevurah” message. In addition to their public activities in Israel, Antek and Zviah also had a family that they raised on the kibbutz.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">In the late 1990’s, many years after Antek and Zviah passed away, the Israeli Air Force made a historic decision to open the IDF’s most difficult course – Combat Pilot Training Course – to girls. This historic move would potentially put Israeli girls in combat for the first time since 1948, and would do so from the most difficult and prestigious of places – the cockpit of F-15 and F-16 fighter jets. The dropout rate of this grueling course is very high, and only a handful complete the full three years of training.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">In 2001, at the graduation ceremony for Israeli Fighter Pilots, a girl named Roni approached the stage to have her combat pilot wings affixed to her uniform by her commanders. This was a historic moment, as she was the first modern-day female combat pilot in the Israeli Air Force. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">It was also an emotional moment in Roni’s family – and in Jewish history. With her new wings firmly affixed to her uniform, Roni grasped them and looked up to heaven and said, “This is for you, Savta.” In this moving gesture, Roni dedicated her pilot wings to her late grandmother.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">Who was Roni’s grandmother? Roni was born and raised on Kibbutz Lochamei Ha’Getaot. Her grandfather was Antek Zuckerman. Her grandmother – Savta – was Zviah Lubetkin. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">From the street battles of the Warsaw Ghetto to the skies above Israel, from Savta Zvia to her young granddaughter Roni, we hear the resounding cry – in a tough but sweet female voice – of “Never Again.”</span></div>
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Rabbi Daniel Bouskilahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15666138196827694495noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4304853825620637452.post-76793594960121829422017-09-14T16:10:00.000-07:002017-09-14T16:26:45.037-07:00Future Tense<div class="MsoNormal">
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<span style="font-family: "georgia"; line-height: 115%;">This coming Shabbat, the 25</span><span style="font-family: "georgia"; line-height: 115%;">th of Elul, 5777 (September 16, 2017), is the anniversary
of the creation of the world. According to Talmudic tradition, on the 25th day of the Hebrew month of Elul, God began to create heaven and earth. The
month of Elul is a 29 day month, and if you count through the six days of creation,
the 6</span><span style="font-family: "georgia"; line-height: 115%;">th day of creation falls on the first of Tishri, which we call
Rosh Hashanah (September 21, 2017). </span></div>
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<a href="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-08C2P9D1hW8/WbsNCAzY6xI/AAAAAAAAAUQ/nVF0m4Q6a3sA7GRSFPJTR3j3DG74jMAWACEwYBhgL/s1600/Future%2BTense%2BImage.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="225" data-original-width="225" src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-08C2P9D1hW8/WbsNCAzY6xI/AAAAAAAAAUQ/nVF0m4Q6a3sA7GRSFPJTR3j3DG74jMAWACEwYBhgL/s1600/Future%2BTense%2BImage.jpg" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia"; line-height: 115%;">On Rosh Hashanah – the New Year – we commemorate the sixth day
of creation, which is the day when Adam and Eve were created. It is for this
reason that Rosh Hashanah is not a classic “calendar” New Year (it’s actually
the first day of the <i>seventh </i>month),
rather it is a day when we think about life, death and our existence as human
beings. It is a day of judgment (Yom Ha-Din), and a day of remembrance (Yom Ha-Zikaron). </span><span style="font-family: "georgia";">Most powerfully, though, it is a day about the future, with the sound of the
Shofar awakening us to contemplate how we plan on marching into our next year
of life.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia"; line-height: 115%;">This week we are blessed with two Torah portions – Parashat
Nitzavim and Parashat Vayelech – and both contain
powerful expressions of forward thinking. Both are spoken by Moses, during the
last few days of his life. Anticipating his own death, Moses chooses to spend
his last days thinking about his people’s future.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia"; line-height: 115%;">At the beginning of Parashat Nitzavim, in a farewell address to the
people, Moses says “Today you are all standing before God your Lord – your
leaders, your tribal chiefs, your elders, your law enforcers, every Israelite
man, woman and child…” (Deuteronomy 29:9). Quite an impressive audience Moses
is addressing. Yet despite the diversity of who is present, Moses also turns
his thoughts to those who are not present: “But it is not with you alone that I
am making this covenant…I am making it both with those who are standing with us
today before God our Lord, and with those who are not here with us today”
(Deuteronomy 29:13-14). When addressing “those who are not here with us today,”
who is Moses referring to? The commentator Rashi says “this is referring to the
future generations.” In affirming the covenant between God and the Jewish
people, Moses is reminding those who are present that they have the
responsibility to think about future generations. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia"; line-height: 115%;">Not only then, but in every
generation when this Torah portion is read, Moses’ words speak to the present
generation and reminds them that a responsible Jewish community is not only
about the here and now, but it is also about the future. Communities that heed
to Moses’ words choose to invest in their future – in youth, in young adults,
and in education. Such communities are not stuck in the past, nor are they
simply living for today, rather they are setting the foundations for the next
generation. Especially because it is so easy to get
caught up in who is present – “tribal chiefs, elders,” etc. – the true mark of
success in any community is leadership that can look beyond their present
audience and concern themselves with “those who are not present.” <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia"; line-height: 115%;">The future is also about training leaders, assuring that each
generation will benefit from the wisdom and talents of select individuals who will
lead and inspire them in a visionary fashion. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia"; line-height: 115%;">In Parashat Vayelech, Moses, who
begins by saying “I am now 120 years old, and I can no longer be active”
(Deuteronomy 31:2), stands before his chosen successor Joshua, “…and in the
presence of all Israel, said to him ‘Be strong and brave, since you will be the
one to bring this nation to the land that God swore to their fathers that He
would give it to them” (Deuteronomy 31:7). Recognizing that his tenure as a
leader is coming to an end, Moses stands before his people with dignity and
grace, charging his successor to march forth and lead his people with courage.
At the ripe old age of 120, Moses reminds us that one of the keys to the
continuity of a community is leadership. What would have happened to the Jewish
people had Moses not picked and trained a successor? The same thing that
happens to any community that does not place leadership training as one of its
top priorities: lack of direction and absence of vision. Rather than heading
into the “Promised Land,” such communities often disappear into oblivion.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia"; line-height: 115%;">Sounding the Shofar stirs up many emotions within us. It makes us cry, it brings a smile to our faces, and it strengthens us with hope. In addition to all of these beautiful sentiments, may this year's sound of the Shofar inspire within us a vision to plan, build and invest in our future. </span></div>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="10" QFormat="true" Name="Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Closing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Signature"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Default Paragraph Font"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Message Header"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="11" QFormat="true" Name="Subtitle"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Salutation"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Date"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text First Indent"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text First Indent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Note Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Block Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Hyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="FollowedHyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Document Map"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Plain Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="E-mail Signature"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Top of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Bottom of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal (Web)"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Acronym"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Address"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Cite"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Code"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Definition"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Keyboard"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Preformatted"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Sample"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Typewriter"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Variable"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal Table"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="annotation subject"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="No List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Contemporary"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Elegant"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Professional"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Balloon Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="Table Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Theme"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Note Level 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Note Level 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Note Level 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Note Level 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Note Level 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Note Level 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Note Level 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Note Level 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Note Level 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Placeholder Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" QFormat="true" Name="No Spacing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Revision"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" QFormat="true"
Name="List Paragraph"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Bibliography"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="41" Name="Plain Table 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="42" Name="Plain Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="43" Name="Plain Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="44" Name="Plain Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="45" Name="Plain Table 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="40" Name="Grid Table Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="Grid Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 6"/>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia"; line-height: 115%;">Shabbat Shalom <span style="font-size: medium;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
Rabbi Daniel Bouskilahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15666138196827694495noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4304853825620637452.post-83761337240789355892017-08-28T18:48:00.001-07:002017-08-28T18:48:21.238-07:00Who Lives, Who Dies: Hamilton’s Rosh Hashanah Message<div class="MsoNormal">
Can the hit Broadway musical “Hamilton” serve up some
inspiration for the High Holy Days? Reflecting back on how I felt on the night
of Feb. 25, 2016, on my way out of the Richard Rodgers Theatre in New York
after seeing “Hamilton” (yes, with the full original cast!), I think the answer
is yes.</div>
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“Hamilton” is a work of lyrical genius. It’s entertaining,
creative and groundbreaking. But above all, Hamilton is a deep exploration of
the human condition. “Who lives, who dies, who tells your story?” These existential
lyrics appear in many of the show’s songs, and the theme persists throughout
the “Hamilton” experience. “Once I wrote this passage, I knew it would be the
key to the whole musical,” Hamilton’s creator, writer and star Lin-Manuel
Miranda has said. The show is uplifting, depressing, funny, poignant, tragic
and inspirational — all at once. The night I saw “Hamilton,” I laughed, cried,
sang and felt troubled. Ultimately, I walked away still believing in humanity,
filled with hope.<o:p></o:p></div>
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As I contemplate the coming High Holy Days, I look back on
how I felt after seeing “Hamilton” as an ideal framework for a meaningful
experience. Properly understood, Rosh Hashanah asks us to undertake a deep
exploration of the human condition. Indeed, the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Unetaneh Tokef </i>prayer poses almost the exact same question as “Hamilton”:
“Who shall live, who shall die?” As to “who tells your story,” the Rosh
Hashanah Torah readings — like “Hamilton” — offer an honest profile of our
story.<o:p></o:p></div>
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In “Hamilton,” we meet the founding fathers of America for
who they really were: heroic, valiant yet flawed human beings. Miranda’s
Alexander Hamilton is at once a larger than life, overachieving genius and a
fatally flawed person whose life was scarred by dysfunctional relationships.
Javier Munoz, who took over as the lead in “Hamilton” in July, believes that
this honest and realistic portrayal of our nation’s founders (particularly
their character flaws) is precisely why the musical’s story exerts such a
potent hold on people. “They allow the audience to say, ‘I’m OK the way I am — flawed
and human.’ It pulls them in closer.” <o:p></o:p></div>
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In the same spirit, the Torah readings on Rosh Hashanah
offer an honest portrayal of Abraham and Sarah. On a day when we contemplate
our own character flaws and imperfect lives, we read about Abraham and Sarah’s
troubled relationship, the complex account of Ishmael’s birth, Sarah’s
disturbing expulsion of Hagar and Ishmael and the infamous day when Abraham
almost slaughtered his own child. Despite all of this, we also look up to
Abraham and Sarah as people who helped shape the religion and faith with which
we identify. We tell these stories on Rosh Hashanah — the anniversary of the
creation of human beings — because they remind us that all people, including
those we look up to as our founding patriarchs and matriarchs, are filled with character
flaws. Much like the “Hamilton” experience, worshippers who read these stories
in the Torah are “pulled in closer” to one of the existential truths that lie
behind the Rosh Hashanah experience: human beings are imperfect, and despite
that eternal truth, we never lose hope in our potential to achieve great
things.<o:p></o:p></div>
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For two and a half hours, Hamilton’s creative blend of
rhythmic hip-hop lyrics, powerful musical arrangements and thought-provoking
messages sent me on a journey through the full gamut of human emotions. <o:p></o:p></div>
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Properly experienced, a Rosh Hashanah service should do the
same. The rhythmic lyrics of the liturgical poetry should inspire us to sing
and feel uplifted, the powerful music of the shofar should bring us to tears,
and the rabbi’s message should be thought provoking. If your Rosh Hashanah
experience involves laughter, tears and deep contemplation, and if sometime
during services you should feel troubled, inspired, worried and then hopeful,
Rosh Hashanah, like “Hamilton,” will have touched the deepest recesses of your
soul.</div>
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<o:p> </o:p>Of all the characters in “Hamilton,” the one who touched me most
deeply was George Washington (played by Chris Jackson). His commanding stage
presence and soulful singing of every lyric filled me with chills and brought
me to tears. I felt privileged to convey my feelings to Jackson after the show,
and after meeting him, I felt he was blessed with a deeply unique spiritual
quality.</div>
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I was therefore not surprised that when I read through the
show’s official behind-the-scenes book “Hamilton: The Revolution,” the chapter
on Jackson featured a beautiful double page photo of him and the rest of the
cast backstage holding hands in a circle, their eyes closed, with Jackson
leading them in a pre-show meditation (something he does before each performance).
His message to his colleagues: “Let’s agree that for the next two and a half
hours, this is the most important thing we’ll do in our lives, and that everybody
— in the audience, on the stage and in the orchestra pit — will leave the
theater a better person than when they walked in.”<o:p></o:p></div>
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Let’s hope that this coming Rosh Hashanah, we can approach
our services as the most important things we’ll do in our lives, and that
everybody — the congregants, the clergy, the volunteer ushers — will leave the
synagogue a better person than when they walked in.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--EndFragment--><br />
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Let that be the story we live to tell. <o:p></o:p></div>
Rabbi Daniel Bouskilahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15666138196827694495noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4304853825620637452.post-61343957594245933062017-05-04T09:02:00.002-07:002017-05-04T09:22:49.806-07:00Love Your Neighbor or Love Your Life? You Choose...<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt;">If you were asked to pick one
verse from the Torah that captures the essence of Judaism, what would that
verse be?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14.0pt;">Three rabbinic sages in the
Talmud took a shot at it. The most famous is a verse from Parashat Kedoshim,
one of the two Torah portions we read this week.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14.0pt;">In the midst of a series of
commandments that reflect the Torah’s desire to create ethical relationships
amongst people, the Torah commands:<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt;"><br /></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt;">“You shall love your neighbor as (you love) yourself” </span></b><span style="font-size: 14.0pt;">(Leviticus 19:18). <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14.0pt;">From this verse came the
oft-quoted teaching of the rabbinic sage Rabbi Akiva, who said: <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">“You shall love your neighbor as yourself –
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">This is the greatest principle of the
Torah</i>.”<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14.0pt;">Rabbi Akiva drew inspiration
from Hillel, a brilliant rabbinic sage and teacher from an earlier generation. The
Talmud records the famous story about Hillel and Shammai’s encounter with a
potential convert to Judaism:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt;">A certain heathen came before Shammai and said to him:
“Convert me to Judaism on condition that you teach me the whole Torah while I
stand on one foot.” Shammai shunned him away with the stick in his hand. He
then went before Hillel with the same request, and Hillel responded: “<b>What is
hateful to you, do not do to your neighbor – that is the whole Torah, while the
rest is commentary thereof; now go and learn it.</b><o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 8;"> </span>(Talmud
Shabbat 31a)<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14.0pt;">Rabbi Akiva’s “greatest
principle of Torah” is rooted in Hillel’s teaching. Together, these two
teachings form the greatest “one-two punch” of great Jewish slogans that make
us proud to be Jewish. After all, these “Golden Rules” of ethics can apply to
all of life, and they present such a great face for Judaism. Can there be anything
greater in the Torah than Hillel and Akiba’s “Golden Rules”? Who would dare to
challenge such ethical greatness?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14.0pt;">In the face of this moral
grandeur comes the rabbinic sage Ben-Azzai, who, in response to Rabbi Akiva’s
“You shall love your neighbor as yourself – this is the greatest principle of
the Torah,” boldly – yet peculiarly – said: <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">“This is the Book of the Story of Adam (Genesis 5:1) – this is even a
greater principle.”<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14.0pt;">What can Ben-Azzai possibly
mean by this? How strange! Can you imagine? Juxtapose the “two greatest verses”
in the Torah:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">“You
shall love your neighbor as yourself”<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 5;"> </span>or<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">“This
is the Book of the Story of Adam” <o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14.0pt;">This does not seem to match up
evenly. Looks like no contest! What lies behind Ben-Azzai’s choice of an
obscure, non descript, mechanical verse from the Book of Genesis as his choice
for being an “even greater principle” than loving your neighbor?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14.0pt;">Rabbi Naftali Zvi Yehuda Berlin
(known as “The Netziv”) offers a deep and wise insight on
Ben-Azzai’s teaching.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14.0pt;">He says that the verse “This
is the Book of the Story of Adam” is not to be understood as a mechanical or
descriptive verse, but as a metaphor for the human condition. “The Book of the
Story of Adam” is the story of Adam’s first day on earth, which according to
rabbinic tradition, started out by Adam being created in the morning, and –
twelve hours later, on the very same day – Adam had already sinned and found
himself expelled from Eden.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14.0pt;">The Netziv says that “The
Book” being referred to here is a story that took place in one day, a day that
started out on a positive and creative note, and ended up in negativity and
downfall. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14.0pt;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14.0pt;"><b>“This comes to teach us life’s
wisdom,” says the Netziv, “that man has the potential to destroy his lot in
life in one short day.”</b> This wisdom, according to the Netziv, is applicable to
everyday life, and serves as a powerful reminder to each of us how to approach
each day of our lives. Conventional wisdom often teaches, “Each day of life is
a page in a book.” Ben-Azzai’s teaching, as seen by the Netziv, argues
something even greater: that each day of life is a book unto its own, and man
is the author of that book on a day-to-day basis. This deep self-reflective
wisdom may, indeed, outshine Rabbi Akiva’s “Golden Rule.”<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14.0pt;">So what is the greatest
principle of the Torah? Loving one’s neighbor? Treating each day like a
complete book? <o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt;">You make the decision...</span></div>
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Rabbi Daniel Bouskilahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15666138196827694495noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4304853825620637452.post-15423166563252082672017-03-16T12:08:00.000-07:002017-03-16T12:16:53.277-07:00Broken Tablets<div class="MsoNormal">
A mere 40 days after hearing God’s voice pronounce the Ten
Commandments, the Israelites suffered a serious setback. Unable to comprehend the idea of an invisible God speaking in a Divine
voice, they returned to the more familiar, simplistic, man-made idols of their
immediate Egyptian past — <b><i>the golden calf.</i></b> Upon shaping the golden calf, Aaron
declared, “This is your God, O Israel, who brought you up out of the land of
Egypt” (Exodus 32:4).<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Moses, who spent those same 40 days atop Mount Sinai with
God, then descended the mountain “with the two tablets of the covenant in his
hand, written on both sides” (Exodus 32:15). <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Who had shaped and written these tablets? <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
“The tablets were the work of God, and the writing was the
writing of God” (Exodus 32:16).<br />
<br />
Carrying in his hand the weight of “God’s
word,” Moses looked down at his own brothers and sisters. “And it happened when
he drew near the camp that he saw the calf and the dancing, and Moses’ wrath
flared, and he flung the tablets from his hand and smashed them at the bottom
of the mountain” (Exodus 32:19). In one dark moment, the romanticized fantasy of one people becoming the bearers of God’s word was shattered to pieces. <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Next came the real challenge: Where do we go from here? <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
The Talmud teaches: “Rabbi Judah bar Ilai said - Two arks
journeyed with Israel in the wilderness — one where the Torah was kept, and
one where the tablets broken by Moses were kept. The one containing the
Torah was kept in the Tent of Meeting; the other, containing the broken
tablets, would come and go everywhere with them” (Talmud Yerushalmi, Shekalim, 1:1). <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Another Talmudic teaching goes one step further: “Both the
new tablets of the law and the broken pieces of the first tablets were kept in
the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">same</i></b>
Ark of the Covenant” (Talmud Bavli, Berakhot, 8b).<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
How did Moses and the Israelites move beyond their breakdown? Realizing their mistake and what they had potentially lost, the
Israelites searched for remnants of the first tablets, collected the broken
remains of their first encounter with God, and they gave them to Moses.
Fortunate enough to be given a second chance, Moses brought down another set of
God-given tablets and placed them alongside the broken pieces. <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Both Talmudic teachings (“separate arks” or “the same ark”)
offer us a powerful reminder that <b>wholeness and brokenness share equal spaces
in life.</b> The Tablets of the Law, in both whole and broken form, serve as a
metaphor for the human condition — striving for perfection, all the while
embracing imperfection. Both the whole and the broken are considered sacred in
the Jewish tradition. They are both “Devar Hashem – the word of God.”<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Failures, broken dreams and shattered fantasies are an
inevitable and natural part of life. Indeed, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Shevirat Luhot -- </i>the symbolic “shattering of tablets” -- is often
a necessary gateway through which we must pass in order to reach the greater
heights that we seek in life. In other words: no pain, no gain.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Through the episode of the golden calf, the broken tablets,
and the second tablets, Moses and the Israelites teach us a very powerful
lesson in life, one that has been part of the Jewish experience for thousands
of years: when we experience a breakdown, it is still possible to “pick up the
pieces” and start all over again.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
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Rabbi Daniel Bouskilahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15666138196827694495noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4304853825620637452.post-45526767365542189212017-02-23T20:39:00.000-08:002017-02-23T21:14:51.233-08:00Rav Uziel's Vision for Rabbinic Leadership<div class="MsoNormal">
On November 26, 1936, Rav Ben Zion Meir Hai Uziel delivered
a lecture to a large gathering of rabbis in Jerusalem. Titled <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The Seat of the Rabbinate, </i>Rav Uziel’s
words were delivered as an introduction to that day’s elections for the Council
of the Chief Rabbinate of the Land of Israel. Speaking to rabbis who would
potentially join him as part of the Land of Israel’s national rabbinic
leadership, Rav Uziel articulated a vision for what he felt were the priorities
of the rabbinate in the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Yishuv </i>in
Erets Yisrael (which eventually became the modern-day State of Israel):<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
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<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">When it comes to public and national
matters, the issue of <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Mishpat</b> (The
Torah’s Civil Laws) is a weighty and burdensome responsibility on a rabbi, for
it is these matters that establish the path of life towards success or
disaster, peace or dispute. God thus commanded us: “Execute the judgment of
truth and peace in your gates” (Zecharia 8:16).<o:p></o:p></i></div>
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When Rav Uziel used the term <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">“mishpat”</i></b><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"> </i>to describe the Torah’s civil laws,
what was he referring to?<o:p></o:p></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">“And these are the
rules (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Mishpatim</i>) that you shall set
before them.”</b> With this opening verse from <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Parashat Mishpatim</i>, God begins to legislate the detailed version of
the Torah’s system of civil legislation. The word <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Mishpatim</i> refers to civil laws and ordinances, and by making these
laws the first set of legislation following the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Aseret Hadibrot </i>(Ten Commandments) at Mount Sinai, God sends a very
powerful message about how the Jewish people should go about building a truly
“religious community.” <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
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<div class="MsoNormal">
Most people looking to create a “religious community” would
begin by building a house of worship. In the Torah, God sees things
differently. As the Jewish people are in the initial stages of building their
own religious community, civil laws governing relationships between people (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Bein Adam L’Havero</i>) are legislated <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">before </i>the laws on building a house of worship. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Batei Din</i> (courts) come before the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Mishkan </i><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">(Tabernacle)</span> and <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Dayanim </i>(judges) precede <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Kohanim</i>
(Priests<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">)</i>. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Parashat Mishpatim</i> deals in matters that don’t seem “religious or
spiritual” to most people -- personal injury, damages due to negligence, paying
employees on time, borrowing items or lending money, to name just a few – but
these actually form the core of how the Torah envisions the definition and
governance of a Jewish religious society. God knows that it’s much easier to
behave “religiously” within the comfortable confines of a synagogue. The true challenge
is maintaining that religiosity in the workplace and at home, which is the
domain of <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Parashat Mishpatim.<o:p></o:p></i></div>
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In keeping with this core value, when he wrote his <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Mispetei Uziel </i>halakhic responsa, Rav
Uziel devoted a special introduction to the volume on <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Hoshen Mishpat </i>(the section of the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Shulhan Arukh </i>that deals with <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Mishpatim</i>):<o:p></o:p></div>
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<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Amongst all of the various disciplines and
halakhot, the Torah of Mishpatim -- which legislates financial laws -- distinguishes
itself, as it guides and directs the way of life for all areas and aspects of
society. This body of laws reflects the unique character of Judaism</i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: HE;">, whose glorious splendor is manifest through Tsdedakah
(Charity) and Mishpat (Justice), which are the legacy of Judaism’s
founding father (Abraham), about whom God said: “I have singled him out so that
he will command his children and his household after him, that they will keep
God’s way, doing Tsedakah (Charity) and Mishpat (Justice)” (Genesis 18:19).<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-language: HE;">Rav Uziel’s</span> vision
of a <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Mishpatim</i>-centered society was
inspired by a long and rich tradition of sources that emphasized the centrality
of this vision in Judaism. <o:p></o:p></div>
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The Book of Psalms teaches: <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">“Tsedek and Mishpat are the base of God’s throne” </i>(Psalms 89:15).
On this verse, the 13<sup>th</sup> century Sephardic Talmudist <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Rabbeinu Yonah </i>comments: “Whoever
upholds justice (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Mishpat</i>) upholds
God’s throne, and whoever perverts justice defiles God’s throne.” <o:p></o:p></div>
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The largest and most complex section of the Talmud is <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Seder Nezikin</i> (The Order of Damages),
which contains the expanded halakhic/legal details of the civil laws/mitsvot
found in <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Parashat Mishpatim</i>. In one
of the most popularly studied tractates in <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Seder</i>
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Nezikin </i>– Tractate <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Baba Kamma –</i> we are taught: <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">“Rav Yehudah says: He who wishes to be a
pious person (hasid) should seek to fulfill the halakhot in Seder Nezikin” </i>(Baba
Kamma 30:a).<o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
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Three times a day in our liturgy, we pray in the Amidah for
the restoration of our Jewish legal system, and we refer to God as <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Melekh Ohev Tsedakah u-Mishpat – The King
who loves righteousness and justice.<o:p></o:p></i></div>
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Rav Uziel’s innovation was less in the concept of
articulating the centrality of <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Mishpatim</i>,
and more in elevating this to the highest priority for rabbis in the Land of
Israel. His vision was for rabbis to fully engage themselves in the domain of <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Mishpatim</i>, and by doing so, they would
help shape the moral and ethical character of the emerging Jewish State, and
potentially bring unity to the Jewish people: <o:p></o:p></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: HE;">As you approach the seat of the rabbinate that you will sit upon after your
election, take to heart that the full domain of mishpat -- including all of its
problems and issues -- has been placed in your hands, and it will be upon you
-- through <b>trustworthiness</b>, love honor and admiration -- to bring the entire
nation closer to the values of Jewish Civil Law. Mishpat, Tsedek and Din Emet
L’Amito-- judgment, righteousness and the truthful execution of the law to its
fullest extent of truth -- serve as the foundations for the unity of our
nation. <o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<span style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: HE;">Sadly, Rav Uziel's vision is a far cry from today's Chief Rabbinate. His vision for a moral, ethical and <i>Mishpatim</i>-based rabbinic leadership is the need of the hour in the State of Israel today. </span></div>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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Rabbi Daniel Bouskilahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15666138196827694495noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4304853825620637452.post-36169705648732854092017-02-16T16:47:00.000-08:002017-02-16T16:47:03.885-08:00The Ten Commandments: A Retrospective on My Son's Bar Mitzvah<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<i>(4 years ago, I wrote this piece in honor of my son Ilan's Bar Mitzvah. 4 years later, and for many years to come, its message still holds true, not only for Ilan, but for all of us).</i></div>
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Sometime during the 13<sup>th</sup> Century, in a private
study in Barcelona, an anonymous author sat and composed <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Sefer Ha-Chinuch</i> (The Book of Education). This systematic study of
the Torah’s 613 commandments was beautifully written as a gift from a father to
his son. In his introduction, the author lovingly states that he wrote this
book “to inspire the heart of my boy, my son, with an accounting of the
mitzvot…”<o:p></o:p></div>
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This week, I write these words “to inspire the heart of my
boy,” my son Ilan, who celebrates his Bar Mitzvah this coming Shabbat. I
compose these thoughts on Parashat Yitro as a gift to my son, with the hope
that the sacred words Ilan will read from the Torah this Shabbat – especially
the section known as the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">“Aseret
Hadibrot”</i> – The Ten Commandments – will inspire him to live a life that
reflects the timeless values of these special commandments.<o:p></o:p></div>
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So, Ilan, what is it about these “Ten Commandments” that is
so special? The actual translation of <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Aseret
Hadibrot </i>is not “Ten Commandments” (that would be “Aseret Hamitzvot”),
rather “Ten Utterances.” This section is unique amongst the commandments
because these ten were spoken directly by God to the Jewish People. <o:p></o:p></div>
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While preparing to read your parasha, Ilan, you noticed that
the ta’amim (cantillation notes) for the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Aseret
Hadibrot </i>is more elaborate, and that the verses are much longer. You
learned that the public reading of the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Aseret
Hadibrot </i>is done in <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Ta’am Elyon
(Upper Cantillation)</i>, which does not divide the verses grammatically,
rather by commandment, reflecting exactly how God uttered them at Mount Sinai.
You learned that when chanting the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Aseret
Hadibrot</i>, a special aura of reverence sets in, as you are chanting the very
words that God spoke at Mount Sinai.<o:p></o:p></div>
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Why did God choose to speak these ten? To address this
question, we pause to reflect on the power of spoken words. From the very
beginning of time, the Torah teaches us about the power of words.<o:p></o:p></div>
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Genesis Chapter 1 tells of God creating the world. Not a
single scientific detail is provided about the process of creation; instead, we
are taught that “God <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">said</i>…and there
was...” Throughout Chapter 1, “God says,” and with the power of the spoken
word, God creates the entire world. We are reminded of this every morning
during our prayers, when we recite <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Baruch
She’amar V’haya Ha-Olam – </i>Blessed be He who spoke and the world came into
being.<o:p></o:p></div>
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The Talmud teaches: “Through ten utterances, God created the
world” (Talmud, Rosh Hashanah 32a).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Ten Utterances
– sounds familiar. This parallel between the Ten Utterances of Creation and the
Ten Utterances at Mount Sinai drew the attention of The Ba’al Haturim
commentary (11<sup>th</sup>/12the Century, Germany/Spain). In examining both
sections, he discovered something special about the opening line of both
sections: they each contain the exact same number of words and letters.<o:p></o:p></div>
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Genesis 1:1: <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Breshit
bara Elokim et ha-shamayim v’et ha’aretz</i> (In the beginning, God created
heaven and earth). In Hebrew, 7 words and 28 letters.<o:p></o:p></div>
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Exodus 20:1: <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Va-Yedaber
Elokim et kol ha-d’varim ha-eleh le’mor </i>(God spoke all these words saying).
In Hebrew, 7 words and 28 letters.<o:p></o:p></div>
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This remarkable parallel of words and letters brings me to
the message that I believe is embedded within these parallels. It is the
message that I hope you take with you throughout your life, my dear Ilan (and
all others who may be reading).<o:p></o:p></div>
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The job of an architect is to design and build a home. Once
he has completed the home, and the inhabitants obtain the key and move in, the
architect has nothing to say on how the inhabitants are to live within that
home. There may be instructions for certain appliances, but there is no
instruction manual on how to live a happy and successful life within the home.<o:p></o:p></div>
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In Genesis 1, God is an architect who builds a home. In ten
utterances, introduced by a verse containing 7 words and 28 letters, God
designs and builds a home for all of humanity.<o:p></o:p></div>
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But God goes beyond the role of an architect. <o:p></o:p></div>
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In Exodus 20, with the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Aseret
Hadibrot </i>– Ten Utterances – also introduced by a verse containing 7 words
and 28 letters – God provides an instruction manual on how to live in the home
that He built for us.<o:p></o:p></div>
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We are taught about ethical monotheism, shunning idolatry, respecting
God’s name, taking a day in seven to relax and rejuvenate, respecting parents,
respecting human life, establishing faithful relationships, respecting the
property of others, living honestly and shunning jealousy.<o:p></o:p></div>
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In ten utterances, God built a physical world… and in ten utterances,
God established a moral code for all of us. <o:p></o:p></div>
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My dear Ilan: God’s physical world is beautiful, but filled
with twists and turns, ups and downs, stability and surprises. These beautiful <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Aseret Hadibrot </i>that you proudly read on
your Bar Mitzvah shall serve as your moral compass, helping you navigate
through life’s challenges. May they guide you, along with the entire Nation of
Israel whose minyan you now join.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="10" QFormat="true" Name="Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Closing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Signature"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Default Paragraph Font"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Message Header"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="11" QFormat="true" Name="Subtitle"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Salutation"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Date"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text First Indent"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text First Indent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Note Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Block Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Hyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="FollowedHyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Document Map"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Plain Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="E-mail Signature"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Top of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Bottom of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal (Web)"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Acronym"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Address"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Cite"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Code"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Definition"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Keyboard"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Preformatted"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Sample"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Typewriter"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Variable"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal Table"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="annotation subject"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="No List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Contemporary"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Elegant"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Professional"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Balloon Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="Table Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Theme"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Note Level 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Note Level 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Note Level 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Note Level 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Note Level 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Note Level 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Note Level 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Note Level 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Note Level 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Placeholder Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" QFormat="true" Name="No Spacing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Revision"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" QFormat="true"
Name="List Paragraph"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Bibliography"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="41" Name="Plain Table 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="42" Name="Plain Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="43" Name="Plain Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="44" Name="Plain Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="45" Name="Plain Table 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="40" Name="Grid Table Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="Grid Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="List Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="List Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="List Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
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Rabbi Daniel Bouskilahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15666138196827694495noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4304853825620637452.post-74018006329698113562017-02-09T16:49:00.002-08:002017-02-09T16:49:04.911-08:00Banning Female Clergy<div class="MsoNormal">
This week I write to you from Jerusalem, where – despite the
new administration’s talk to move the U.S. Embassy here --I have actually heard
very little discussion about the new president or anything connected to him.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
What was more talked about – at least in the circles I walk
in – was the joint statement released last week by the Orthodox Union (OU) and
the Rabbinical Council of America (RCA), effectively placing a ban (sorry, just
had to use that term!) on Orthodox female clergy and any Orthodox synagogue who
employs female clergy. The statement made it very clear that there is
absolutely no room for women to hold any title – rabbi or otherwise – that involves
serving an Orthodox community in a clergy role:<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">“We believe
that a woman should not be appointed to serve in a clergy position. This
restriction applies <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">both to the
designation of a title for women that connotes the status of a clergy member,
as well as to the appointment of women to perform clergy functions on a regular
ongoing basis - even when not accompanied by a rabbinic type ti</span>tle.”<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">The discussion about this statement was heating up this week in Jerusalem,
as there are a few large Orthodox synagogues in the heart of Jerusalem that
actually do have female clergy, and, of course, many others that do not. This –
not any other bans – was the talk of the town in Jerusalem this week.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">T</span>he timing of this discussion couldn’t be better. This week’s
Torah portion – Parashat B’Shalach – features the Exodus from Egypt, the
miraculous crossing of the Red Sea, and the beautiful Shirat Ha-Yam (Song at
the Sea). It also features a very strong woman.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
The figure traditionally associated with the Exodus is
Moses, yet the Talmud states: “It is by the merit of the righteous women of
that generation that the Jewish people were redeemed from Egypt” (Talmud, Sotah
11:b).<o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
The leader of that generation’s righteous women was Miriam,
Moses’ older sister. Miriam was the only woman in the Torah who had the status
of a “Neviah” – a prophetess. In this week’s parasha, she is described as
“Miriam Ha-Neviah” – “Miriam the Prophetess.” Rashi comments that she attained
the status of a prophetess when she foresaw that her mother would give birth to
a boy who would lead the Jewish people out of Egyptian bondage. But in addition
to her prediction, when her prophecy actually was fulfilled and the boy was
born, she did not sit idly by and say “I told you so.” Instead, like a true leader
who takes action, she also took care of the boy…and, I gather, you know the
rest of the story. Without Miriam’s wisdom -- the instinctive and nurturing
wisdom of a woman -- the exodus would not have been possible, and as the
Passover Haggadah says, “Perhaps we would still be slaves to Pharaoh in Egypt.”
We became liberated due to the foresight of a female leader, a prophetess.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
As the sea closed on Pharaoh’s chariots, Moses leads the
Jewish people in a beautiful song of triumph and thanks to God. This song
(shira) – the first song ever in the Torah – is a part of our daily prayer
service, and its presence in this week’s parasha gives this Shabbat a special name
– Shabbat Shira.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
But the voice of Jewish leadership in this episode was not
exclusively male. Just as Moses completes his song, the Torah immediately tells
us that “Miriam the Prophetess…took a drum in her hand, and all of the women
followed her with drums and with dances. Miriam said: Sing unto God, for he is
highly praised, the horse and his rider he has thrown into the sea” (Exodus
15:20-21).<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
At the peak of the most miraculous moment in Jewish history,
the voices of two prophets – Moses, a man, and Miriam, a woman – were equally
heard by the Jewish people, and by God. <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Related to this week’s parasha is also this week’s haftara (prophetic
portion) from the Book of Judges -- Chapters 4&5 -- the longest haftara of
the year. Haftarot are typically chosen due to their thematic connection with
the parasha. This week’s haftara relates to the parasha in two ways: 1. It
tells the story of a female leader, Devorah, who also had the title “Neviah”
(prophetess). Devorah was a prophetess, a judge and a warrior. She was the
absolute leader of the Jewish people in her era. 2. It records a lengthy song
of military triumph and praise to God (similar to the Song at the Sea), sung by
Devorah.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Once again, a woman leads our people, and a woman sings…and
we don’t see any opposition to this anywhere in the text.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
The Biblical, Talmudic and Rabbinic texts grant prominent status
to Sarah, Rivkah, Rachel, Leah, Miriam the Prophetess, Devorah the Prophetess,
Esther, Ruth, Bruriah, Rashi’s daughters and many other women throughout our
history. They are considered important and influential voices of spiritual and
political leadership in the Jewish community, sometimes tasked with the heavy
burden of saving our people from annihilation or leading our people in times of
war. <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Indeed, the timing of this week’s Torah portion couldn’t be
better. How funny that on the same Shabbat when a congregant hears the Torah
and Haftarah talking about two women who are both leaders and prophets, he/she
will then go to the kiddush after services and most probably hear fellow
congregants talking about how women cannot serve as clergy.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
The irony of that is, well…you figure it out.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
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Shabbat Shalom<o:p></o:p></div>
Rabbi Daniel Bouskilahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15666138196827694495noreply@blogger.com4tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4304853825620637452.post-58762698488742569362017-02-07T16:09:00.000-08:002017-02-07T16:09:15.428-08:00To Unite, Not to Divide: Rav Uziel's Big Sephardic Ideas<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: #11131b; font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Helvetica Neue";">Rav Ben-Zion Meir Hai Uziel
(1880-1953) was a visionary rabbinic leader, a strong promoter of Jewish unity,
and the 20th century’s most authentic embodiment of the classic Sephardic
rabbinic tradition. His leadership was characterized, on the one hand, by a
burning desire to abolish divisions between Jews, yet at the same time he was
committed to promoting Sephardic Judaism. How did he reconcile these seemingly
conflicting agendas?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: #11131b; font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Helvetica Neue";">As the <i>Haham Bashi</i>
(Ottoman-appointed Chief Rabbi) of Jaffa-Tel Aviv (1911-1939), and then as the <i>Rishon
L’Zion</i> of the pre-state <i>Yishuv</i> (1939-1947) and of the State of
Israel (1948-1953), Rav Uziel was officially the “Sephardic Chief Rabbi of the
Land of Israel”. But despite holding an official title and position that seems
to have ethnic and particularistic overtones, Rav Uziel was an outspoken
proponent of Jewish unity. He passionately sought to abolish the traditional
ethnic divisions amongst Jews, especially in Israel. His push for Jewish unity
was persistent and thorough, and he articulated his vision of Jewish unity in
many forums, including public addresses, written position papers and halakhic
rulings. From his earliest moments as a young rabbinic leader, all the way
through to his famous “Spiritual Will to the Jewish People” written a few weeks
before his death in 1953, Rav Uziel advocated Jewish unity as an ideal
position.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: #11131b; font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Helvetica Neue";">If Rav Uziel so actively
sought Jewish unity as an ideal, then what was his understanding of his own
particular title and role as a <i>Sephardic</i> Chief Rabbi? What was Rav Uziel’s
definition of Sephardic Judaism within the context of a Jewish community that,
in his own view, should no longer express these ethnic divisions?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: #11131b; font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Helvetica Neue";">In order to answer this
question, it is helpful to begin in 1911 when, upon being appointed <i>Haham
Bashi</i> of Jaffa, Rav Uziel articulated a grand vision of unity for the
Jewish people:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: #11131b; font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Helvetica Neue";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>“It is my tremendous desire to unify all of the divisions
that the diaspora tore us into, the separate communities of Sephardim,
Ashkenazim, Temanim (Yemenites), etc. This should not be a difficult task, for
unity is in our nature and our national character as a people. These divisions
amongst us are not natural. The particular linguistic and communal divisions
that exist amongst us were created due to our dispersion throughout the
diaspora. As we now return to our natural homeland, there is absolutely no
reason to continue living by these communal and linguistic divisions imported
from the diaspora. Instead, we will be one unified community. Should I succeed
in helping to quickly realize and fulfill this unity amongst us, great will be
my merit.” <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="color: #11131b; font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Helvetica Neue";">This was Rav Uziel’s “I
have a dream” speech. Fully aware of the 1900 year history in which Jews lived
as separate and distinct communities throughout the diaspora — with different
rabbis, customs, languages, prayer rituals and halakhic rulings dividing them —
Rav Uziel nonetheless believes that unifying the Jewish people “should not be a
difficult task” because the divisions born in the diaspora are alien to the
essence of the Jewish people. He does not consider his desire to abolish the
diaspora’s divisions into Sephardim and Ashkenazim to be a new or radical idea
but a return to our true nature. He declares that unity “is in our national
character,” and by becoming “one unified community” we are returning to our
original essence as a people.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: #11131b; font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Helvetica Neue";">The most remarkable part
of this speech is the context in which it was delivered — an acceptance speech
upon becoming the <i>Haham Bashi </i>of Jaffa. As he accepted a title and
position traditionally associated with the Sephardic community in the Land of
Israel, Rav Uziel boldly declares that, as <i>Haham Bashi, </i>he will serve
the entire community and work tirelessly to abolish the divisions amongst all
Jews. Rav Uziel does not see his position as a Sephardic rabbi in the narrowly
ethnic sense, rather as a potentially unifying force within the Jewish world.
This being the case, what, if anything, did being a “Sephardic Rabbi” mean to
Rav Uziel?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="color: #11131b; font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Helvetica Neue";">In 1930, at a gathering
celebrating his 50th birthday, Rav Uziel addressed the apparent contradiction
between preaching unity while maintaining Sephardic Judaism. Responding to the
several friends who spoke his praises that night, Rav Uziel began by
re-affirming his passion for Jewish unity:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: #11131b; font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Helvetica Neue";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>“In his address tonight, my friend and colleague Rabbi
Fishman touched upon the Sephardic and Ashkenazic elements within me. I have
already expressed on many occasions that I do not relate to any distinctions or
separations between Sephardim and Ashkenazim. It is not the countries of Spain
(Sepharad) or Germany (Ashkenaz) that gave us great Torah scholars, rather the
Torah itself—regardless of locale—that has inspired generation after generation
of Torah learning.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: #11131b; font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Helvetica Neue";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>To my childhood friend, the honorable author A.
Elmaliach, I say: I love the concept of unity for our people, and my goal is to
see the elimination of the unnatural divisions amongst us that were created by
the diaspora. I absolutely hate divisiveness, and I sharply condemn and reject
all divisiveness masked as religion.”<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="color: #11131b; font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Helvetica Neue";">These words bear a
striking resemblance to the vision Rav Uziel articulated in his inaugural
address as <i>Haham Bashi</i> of Jaffa in 1911. Except this time, in addition
to his well-known love for Jewish unity, Rav Uziel added some personal
reflections on Sephardic Judaism:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: #11131b; font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Helvetica Neue";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>“However, hand in hand with my love for unity, I want to
draw the distinction between unity and self-belittlement. It is my goal to see
unity amongst us in the field of work <i>and </i>[my emphasis] in the field of
literary creations. Therefore, may it come to pass, that from the descendants
of the great rabbis from Spain, once again will emerge Poskim (halakhic
decisors) and Darshanim (homiletical preachers), Hokrim (philosophers) and Meshorerim
(poets), Parshanim (Biblical commentators) and Mekubalim (mystics/kabbalists).
This is my goal, and this is my prayer. It is from this ideological worldview
that I lent a hand to strengthen the World Federation of Sephardim, but from
the very first moment, I told them that their most important mission lies in
the areas of culture and Torah. More than once, I asked to create, under their
umbrella, a Beit Midrash L’Rabbanim (a Rabbinical School), because I believe
that Torah and higher intellectual education are the foundations for peace and
unity amongst us.”<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: #11131b; font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Helvetica Neue";">In a bold expression of
his own identity, mission and purpose as a Sephardic rabbi, Rav Uziel
articulates an intellectual definition of Sephardic Judaism. He distinguishes
between “unity and self-belittlement” in order to ensure that unity does not
suppress the voices of his own Sephardic rabbinic forebears. Rav Uziel’s goal
of unity would not come at the expense of his own classic Sephardic tradition.
Rather than abolish Sephardic Judaism, he sought to redefine its purpose within
the larger context and goal of national revival and Jewish unity.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="color: #11131b; font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Helvetica Neue";">In Rav Uziel’s broad
vision, Sephardic Judaism would no longer reflect an ethnic definition but
instead would offer an intellectual-spiritual framework for the entire Jewish
people. To this end, Rav Uziel envisioned the establishment of a Sephardic Beit
Midrash that would revive the unique curriculum that characterized the yeshivot
and academies in Spain and, in turn, produce a new generation of Sephardic-<i>style</i>
but universally Jewish, “Poskim (halakhic decisors) and Darshanim (homiletical
preachers), Hokrim (philosophers) and Meshorerim (poets), Parshanim (Biblical
commentators) and Mekubalim (mystics/kabbalists).” This would be a “Sephardic”
Beit Midrash thanks to its approach to Torah study, not because of the ethnic
background of its students.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<i><span style="color: #11131b; font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Helvetica Neue";">All</span></i><span style="color: #11131b; font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Helvetica Neue";"> Jews, irrespective of their ethnic origins, would be able to
study in such an academy, and its rabbinical graduates would serve the <i>entire</i>
Jewish community.<i> </i>Rav Uziel believed that the uniquely Sephardic
approach that was developed in Golden Age Andalusia, where yeshivot seamlessly
merged Talmudic scholarship, practical Halakhic decision-making, philosophical
inquiry, poetic creativity, Torah interpretation and mystical speculation, all
under one roof, could serve as an exemplary model and unifying force for the
Jewish people. Far from being mutually exclusive, Rav Uziel believed that
Jewish unity and the Sephardic intellectual tradition are complementary. He
specifically wanted to open a <i>Sephardic</i> Beit Midrash, because he
believed that its broad worldview would benefit the entire Jewish people and
serve as a foundation, “for peace and unity amongst us.”<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #11131b; font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Helvetica Neue";">In an address to a
Sephardic convention in 1939, Rav Uziel expressed why the term “Sephardic” was,
indeed, so honorable:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="color: #11131b; font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Helvetica Neue";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>“To be Sephardic is honorable primarily because of the
type of Torah study, philosophical research and poetry that came from our
midst.”<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="color: #11131b; font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Helvetica Neue";">The honor of Sephardic
Judaism derives from the intellectual-spiritual tradition that, historically
speaking, developed in the Sephardi world but that is open, in principle, to
all Jews. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
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<span style="color: #11131b; font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Helvetica Neue";">Following his election as <i>Rishon
L’Zion </i>in 1939, Rav Uziel further explored the issue of what type of
yeshivot and <i>Batei Midrash </i>would be opened in the Zionist <i>Yishuv. </i>In
a lengthy article tracing the historical development of yeshivot and <i>Batei
Midrash, </i>Rav Uziel articulates some of the key historical differences
between Sephardic and Ashkenazic yeshivot. This is yet another expression of
his unique understanding of Sephardic Judaism:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="color: #11131b; font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Helvetica Neue";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>“Yeshivot were divided into two centers of learning,
known by their general name of Sefarad (Spain) and Ashkenaz (Germany). This
division does not only reflect a geographic divide, rather it primarily
reflects a difference in curriculum and methodology.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="color: #11131b; font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Helvetica Neue";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The Sephardic Geonim (scholars) engaged in Talmudic study
and composed many works of Talmudic interpretation, but the primary purpose of
these works was to clearly explain Talmudic sections in depth, to link these
sections to other relevant sections within the Talmud, with the ultimate goal
of arriving at practical halakhic decisions. This is different than the yeshivot
of France and Ashkenaz, who limited their scope of Talmudic study to analysis
of the text.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="color: #11131b; font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Helvetica Neue";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Furthermore, the Sephardic rabbis widened the spectrum of
the yeshiva curriculum to include philosophical inquiry, as well as a wide
range of sciences and general knowledge that they studied from non-Torah
literature. The rabbis of France and Ashkenaz fenced themselves into the
exclusive world of Talmud and Midrash, fearing that the penetration of external
knowledge would create theological confusion amongst its students. For this
reason, they feared the study of Maimonides’ <i>Guide for the Perplexed</i>.”<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="color: #11131b; font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Helvetica Neue";">Needless to say, Rav Uziel
studied, and wrote about, the <i>Guide for the Perplexed</i>.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: #11131b; font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Helvetica Neue";">In 1940, Rav Uziel
realized his dream and opened the yeshiva <i>Sha’arei Zion </i>in Jerusalem.<i>
</i>The curriculum reflected the broad-based Sephardic program he envisioned,
and in keeping with the non-ethnic character of the institution, the student
body was comprised of Ashkenazim and Sephardim alike. In fact (and perhaps to
make his point), the Rosh Yeshiva appointed to preside over the Sephardic
curriculum in <i>Sha’arei Zion </i>was Rav Eliezer Waldenberg, a young
Ashkenazi rabbinic scholar. </span><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Helvetica Neue";">Also known as the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Tzitz Eliezer </i>(the name of his
multi-volume responsa on Jewish law), Rav Waldenberg held particular expertise
in both Ashkenazi and Sephardi rabbinical literature. This, along with his
broad interest in medical issues and his tendency towards practical halakhic
rulings, made Rav Waldenberg an ideal reflection of Rav Uziel’s vision for the
yeshiva.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Helvetica Neue";">For slightly over a decade, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Shaarei Zion </i>succeeded in educating a
unique cadre of rabbis who served in Jewish communities all over the world.
These rabbis – Ashkenazim and Sephardim -- distinguished themselves as leaders
whose leadership and teachings reflected Rav Uziel’s newly re-defined Sephardi
worldview that was taught in the yeshiva’s daily curriculum.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Helvetica Neue";">In 1955, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Sha’arei Zion </i>unfortunately closed its doors. What lead to its
closure? In 1951, Rav Waldenberg accepted a prestigious appointment as a <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">dayan </i>(rabbinical judge) in Tel Aviv.
Two years later, after a long bought with diabetes, Rav Uziel passed away.
Although the yeshiva desperately tried to survive for another few years, the
loss of its visionary, and of the Rosh Yeshiva he selected, marked the demise
of <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Sha’arei Zion. </i>Its closure not
only marked the end of an institution, but of Rav Uziel’s vision for a yeshiva
with a broad definition of “Torah study.” Future yeshivot in Israel, including
self-defined “Sephardi yeshivot,” adopted the “strictly Talmud” curriculum of
the classic Lithuanian yeshivot. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></i><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="color: #11131b; font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Helvetica Neue";">In a rapidly changing
Jewish world where ethnic differences take a back seat to fierce ideological
divisions, Rav Uziel’s teachings offer a refreshing approach to Jewish communal
life. As a Chief Rabbi<i> </i>who worked tirelessly for Jewish unity, and whose
teachings and way of life mirrored those of the Sephardic “Poskim, Darshanim,
Hokrim, Meshorerim, Parshanim and Mekubalim” that he sought to revive, Rav Uziel
represents a rabbinic ideal in which Jewish unity and Sephardic Judaism are not
mutually exclusive.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: #11131b; font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Helvetica Neue";">This unique blend of unity
and Sephardic Judaism came together in symbolic fashion during Rav Uziel’s
inaugural speech as <i>Rishon L’Zion</i> in 1939. Speaking his
characteristically poetic Hebrew and fully donned in the traditional
embroidered robe and turban of a Sephardic Chief Rabbi, Rav Uziel proudly
proclaimed: “my sacred mission is to unite, not to divide.” <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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Rabbi Daniel Bouskilahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15666138196827694495noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4304853825620637452.post-89877971949318948302017-01-12T04:15:00.004-08:002017-01-12T04:15:59.899-08:00From Torah to Twitter, Be Careful What You Say<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="color: #333333; mso-bidi-font-family: Times;">Words
are powerful. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; mso-bidi-font-family: Times;">How
did God create the world? What were God’s tools for creating the world?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; mso-bidi-font-family: Times;">“And
God <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">said
</i></b>‘Let there be light,’ and there was light…</span><span style="color: #333333; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-language: HE;">and God
said…and God said…” – such was the process of creation, from light to human beings.
God spoke, and words became a world.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; mso-bidi-font-family: Times;">We
are reminded of this every morning during our prayers, when we recite the
prayer <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">“Baruch She’amar”</i>:<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><o:p></o:p></i></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: #333333; mso-bidi-font-family: Times;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Baruch She’amar ve-haya ha-olam…Blessed be He who
spoke and the world came into being.<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="color: #333333; mso-bidi-font-family: Times;">Jewish
commentators widely agree that God’s use of words to create the world represents
a metaphor on speech and communication. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="color: #333333; mso-bidi-font-family: Times;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="color: #333333; mso-bidi-font-family: Times;">It is
empowering to know that we possess the same tools that God used to create the
world. With our own words, we have the power to create entire new worlds of
knowledge, innovation and progress for humanity. Through our words, we have the
power to build and to inspire.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; mso-bidi-font-family: Times;">But
we also know that those very same tools – words -- have the power to destroy.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; mso-bidi-font-family: Times;">Reading
ahead in Genesis, we meet the world’s first brothers, Cain and Abel. While out
in the field together, Cain and Abel had an exchange of words, one that was so
negative that it led to the world’s first-ever murder:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="color: #333333; mso-bidi-font-family: Times;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">"Cain <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">said</b> to his
brother Abel... and when they were in the field, Cain set upon his brother Abel
and killed him."<o:p></o:p></i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="color: #333333; mso-bidi-font-family: Times;">We
know that Cain said something, and we know that Cain killed Abel. What we don’t
know is what Cain said, what Abel might have responded, and what type of
exchange ensued between them. The Torah omits their words, leaving it for us to
think about.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="color: #333333; mso-bidi-font-family: Times;">Thus,
in Chapter 1 of the Torah, words created the entire world, yet by Chapter 4,
words resulted in murder.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="color: #333333; mso-bidi-font-family: Times;">We’ve
seen this pattern throughout history.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="color: #333333; mso-bidi-font-family: Times;">With
words, visionary leaders and orators like Abraham Lincoln, Martin Luther King and
David Ben-Gurion inspired people towards new ideas meant to create a better
world for all of humanity. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="color: #333333; mso-bidi-font-family: Times;">With
words, demagogic leaders and orators like Adolph Hitler convinced millions of
people to adopt racist ideas that led to mass murder.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: #333333; mso-bidi-font-family: Times;">“Wise men, be careful with
your words.” </span></i><span style="color: #333333; mso-bidi-font-family: Times;">Such
was the warning by Pirkei Avot specifically addressed to public figures. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="color: #333333; mso-bidi-font-family: Times;">When
our sages said this, little did they know that there would come a day when – at
the mere push of a button – words could spread to millions of people. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="color: #333333; mso-bidi-font-family: Times;">Today,
all it takes to build – or to destroy – is a mere 140 characters.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: #333333; mso-bidi-font-family: Times;">“Wise men, be careful with
your words.”</span></i><span style="color: #333333; mso-bidi-font-family: Times;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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Name="index heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="35" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="table of figures"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="envelope address"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="envelope return"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="footnote reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="annotation reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="line number"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="page number"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="endnote reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="endnote text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="table of authorities"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="macro"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="toa heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="10" QFormat="true" Name="Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Signature"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="11" QFormat="true" Name="Subtitle"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Date"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text First Indent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="FollowedHyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Plain Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="E-mail Signature"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Top of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal (Web)"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Acronym"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Address"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Cite"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Code"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Keyboard"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Preformatted"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Typewriter"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal Table"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Elegant"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="Table Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Placeholder Text"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Revision"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" QFormat="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Bibliography"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="41" Name="Plain Table 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="42" Name="Plain Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="43" Name="Plain Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="44" Name="Plain Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="45" Name="Plain Table 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="40" Name="Grid Table Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="Grid Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
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Rabbi Daniel Bouskilahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15666138196827694495noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4304853825620637452.post-44751087832275640182017-01-05T14:37:00.000-08:002017-01-05T14:37:06.921-08:00Quality of Life<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: OpenSans;">It
was a very brief meeting, and a seemingly peculiar exchange of words. For the
first time, the head of the Israelite household -- Jacob -- meets Pharaoh, the
King of Egypt. </span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: DroidSerif;">The
only thing they shared in common was Joseph.</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: OpenSans;"> </span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: DroidSerif;">To Jacob, Joseph was his son, and to Pharaoh,
Joseph was the economic wizard who saved his empire's economy from total
disaster.</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: OpenSans;"> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: DroidSerif;">What
could these two men possibly talk about?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: DroidSerif;">Here
is their brief exchange of words, as described by the Torah:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: DroidSerif;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">"Joseph brought his father and presented him to Pharaoh. Jacob
blessed Pharaoh. 'How many are the days of your life?' asked Pharaoh of Jacob.
Jacob replied to Pharaoh: 'The days of the years of my sojourning are a hundred
and thirty years; few and unhappy have the days of my life been. I did not
attain the days of the years of life that my fathers did during their sojourn
through life.' With that, Jacob blessed Pharaoh and left his presence."</i>
(Genesis 47:7-10)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .5in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: DroidSerif;">As
the leader of a powerful empire, Pharaoh had certainly met many world leaders. One
can only imagine what Pharaoh expected Jacob to look like, but the 16th century
commentator Kli Yakar tells us that Pharaoh was shocked when he saw a thin,
frail, weakened old man approaching him, barely able to walk toward his throne.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: DroidSerif;">Jacob
begins by blessing Pharaoh, and this seems to bond the two men, so much so that
Pharaoh poses a wise, carefully worded, personal question: "How many are
the days of your life?" The wording of Pharaoh's question caught the eye
of many commentators, who wonder why Pharaoh did not simply ask, "How old
are you?" Why did he word his question as <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">"How many are the days of your life?"<o:p></o:p></i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: DroidSerif;">Jacob's
response reflects a deep understanding of Pharaoh's carefully worded question:
"The days of the years of my sojourning are 130, [but] few and unhappy
have been the days of my life."<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: DroidSerif;">Rabbi
Samson Raphael Hirsch, a 19th-century commentator, remarks that Jacob
differentiates between <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">living </i>and <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">existing</i>: "You ask how many are the
days of my life? I have not lived much. I have sojourned on this earth for 130
years. The days of the years that I can really call my life were in reality
only few -- and were themselves bitter and full of worry."<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: DroidSerif;">The
Netziv, head of the Volozhin Yeshiva during the second half of the 19th
century, offers an additional insight: "My years of success in life were
few and bitter, for even when I had actually achieved material wealth and
financial security, my life was still filled with woe and sorrow, such as the
death of my wife Rachel and the rape of my daughter Dinah."<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: DroidSerif;">Jacob's
answer is filled with perspective on life's biggest question: How do we measure
and define a "happy life"? Is it by living to a ripe old age? Is it
through material wealth and success?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: DroidSerif;">According
to Hirsch, Jacob was telling Pharaoh that a true human being does not see life
through length of years, rather through the quality of days lived. Centuries
after Jacob died, another wise patriarch – Abraham Lincoln – used to say: “It’s
not the years in your life that count. It’s the life in your years.”<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: DroidSerif;">The
Netziv's comments add the powerful reminder to Pharaoh that material wealth
alone does not bring happiness. Jacob told this wealthy king that his great
palace, wealth and fame are of no value without the true happiness and
fulfillment of family life and personal relationships.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: DroidSerif;">In
the waning days of a tumultuous 130-year life that included receiving his
father's blessing by way of deceit, a terrible relationship with his brother,
an unfulfilled married life, the rape of his daughter and constant strife
between his children, Jacob teaches Pharaoh -- and all of us -- that happiness
is not about reaching old age or amassing wealth; rather, it's about the
quality and richness of day-to-day life with our family and friends. As such,
Jacob’s brief encounter with Pharaoh is arguably his greatest and wisest moment
as a true “patriarch.”<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Message Header"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="11" QFormat="true" Name="Subtitle"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Salutation"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Date"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text First Indent"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text First Indent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Note Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Block Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Hyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="FollowedHyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Document Map"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Plain Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="E-mail Signature"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Top of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Bottom of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal (Web)"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Acronym"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Address"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Cite"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Code"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Definition"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Keyboard"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Preformatted"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Sample"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Typewriter"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Variable"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal Table"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="annotation subject"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="No List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Contemporary"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Elegant"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Professional"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Balloon Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="Table Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Theme"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Note Level 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Note Level 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Note Level 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Note Level 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Note Level 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Note Level 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Note Level 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Note Level 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Note Level 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Placeholder Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" QFormat="true" Name="No Spacing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Revision"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" QFormat="true"
Name="List Paragraph"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Bibliography"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="41" Name="Plain Table 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="42" Name="Plain Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="43" Name="Plain Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="44" Name="Plain Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="45" Name="Plain Table 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="40" Name="Grid Table Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="Grid Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="List Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="List Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="List Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 3"/>
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Rabbi Daniel Bouskilahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15666138196827694495noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4304853825620637452.post-3904096082319024312016-12-01T16:31:00.001-08:002016-12-01T16:31:55.256-08:00Stuck in the Middle: Isaac Speaks Up<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: #1a1a1a; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">My name is Isaac. You think you know me, but you really don't. I
am stuck in between two generations, constantly overshadowed by my father
Abraham and my son Jacob. If you ask anyone to name the nation that eventually
came from my family, they either refer to them as "the offspring of
Abraham" or, more commonly, "the children of Israel" (Jacob’s
adopted name). You never hear anyone refer to this nation by my name: Isaac. It's
not that my name isn't mentioned in the Bible. My name actually appears 108
times, yet, virtually all of the stories where my name is mentioned and where I
am involved as a character are told from someone else's point of view,
completely ignoring my perspective. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: #1a1a1a; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">When I was just a little boy, I was out playing with my
half-brother Ishmael. The next thing I know, my mother throws him and his
mother Hagar out of our house. To this day, I have no idea why this happened,
and nobody ever asked me how I felt about losing my half-brother who I was
playing with. The next and only other time I saw Ishmael was when we together
buried our father Abraham. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: #1a1a1a; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Not long after I lost my half-brother, there came what many of
you call the "big test." You have certainly heard about the most
famous of stories that contains my name, "The Binding of Isaac." The
irony of having my name in the title of this story is that the story isn't
really about me at all. It's all about my father: "After these events, God
tested Abraham." Not once throughout this "big test of faith" is
my voice ever heard, except when I asked my father why he forgot the
sacrificial lamb. His answer: "God will provide." So there I was,
bound on an altar, the fire burning and my father's knife to my throat. Yet
when it's all over and God's angel saves my life, only my father emerges as a
heroic figure. Not once do we hear how I -- Isaac -- felt throughout this
ordeal. In case you're wondering, I'll start by asking if you ever noticed that
after the ropes were loosened from my hands and feet, there is never again
recorded in the Torah one single conversation between my father and me. Let's
add to this that when we came home, we found that my mother died from the shock
of hearing what my father had done. So perhaps from your perspective, this
story crowned my father the "ultimate hero of faith." As for me, my
relationship with my father was ruined, I lost my mother and I spent the rest
of my life traumatized. Not quite an "all's well that ends well."<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: #1a1a1a; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">My father's last act on earth was to send his servant to arrange
my marriage. Funny, nobody asked me if I wanted to get married, and if I did,
you’d think I might have a say in who I would marry? I ask this question because,
yes, I did love my wife Rebecca, but I have a hard time getting over how she
went behind my back and convinced my son Jacob to deceive me. I favored Esau,
and I have my own reasons for that. But once again, my feelings were not taken
into account, and what should have been "Isaac Blessing His Sons"
became "Jacob Deceiving Isaac." My own blessing to my kids became the
matter of a sibling rivalry and a sneaky plot by my wife. Once again, I had no
say in the matter.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: #1a1a1a; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Please don't get me wrong. I am not writing all of this in order
to invite your pity, because there is one story recorded about me for which I
will forever be proud. It is the one and only story in the Torah that is all
about me. As you know, both my father and son were faced with severe famines in
Canaan, and as a result, both of them left Canaan and “went down to Egypt.” I,
too, was faced with a "famine in the land," but I did not leave. I
chose to fight it out and stay in Canaan…and I dug wells. I think being bound
with a knife to my throat on Mount Moriah actually gave me something I would
call “the survivor’s instinct.” I became a survivor, and despite the trauma I
experienced, I learned to tough things out. I am the only one in my family to
never leave our Promised Land.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: #1a1a1a; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Throughout our history, my family's descendants have been mistreated,
traumatized and deceived (just like me), yet somehow, we always survived. We
always insisted, either physically or metaphorically, on "staying in the
land and digging wells," despite "the famine." So perhaps our
people refer to themselves by the names of my father and son, but their inner
character and strength as tough survivors comes from me, Isaac. It is my story
-- the story of a survivor -- that is really our collective story.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: #1a1a1a; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">So, I may not have much a voice in all of this, but my gut
instinct tells me I have lots to do with why we are still here.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
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<span style="color: #1a1a1a; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">It was nice speaking with you, and sorry this talk is just a few
thousand years late. Funny, something deep inside of me said that even if I
waited this long to speak up, my people would still be around to hear me.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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Rabbi Daniel Bouskilahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15666138196827694495noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4304853825620637452.post-86394966922343025702016-11-24T13:16:00.001-08:002016-11-24T13:24:08.083-08:00Immigration, Thanksgiving, and Fiddler on the RoofLast February I saw the recent revival of <i>Fiddler on the Roof </i>on Broadway<i>.</i> For those in the audience who have
seen this show a million times (probably most!), we all noticed two additions
to the show, at the very beginning and then again at the end. At the beginning,
before the fiddler begins to fiddle and before Tevye begins singing
“Tradition,” the character playing Tevye comes onto the stage to a train
station, looking to take the train to Anatevka. He is dressed in modern-day
clothing, and is without his traditional cap that covers his head. The lights
then dim, and the show as we all know it then proceeds. At the very end of the
show, as the inhabitants of Anatevka are being forced out of the village, the
lights dim again, and the Tevye in modern garb re-appears, and the fiddler sees
him and invites him to walk into the line of the Anatevka villagers being
forced out.<br />
<br />
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Who is this modern-day Tevye, and what does he represent?
When the villagers are leaving Anatevka and sharing with each other where they
are going, we find out that Tevye and his family are going to live in America.
This modern-day Tevye that appears on the stage in the beginning of the show is
an American-born descendant of Tevye. He is taking a train to Anatevka to
explore his family’s roots so that he understands from where he came. At the
end of the show, when his ancestors are being forced out of Anatevka, he joins
the line so that he can experience what it was like to be forced out of a home
– a concept he has experienced as an American.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Those who see him without a head covering mistakenly jump to
the conclusion that he represents the assimilated American Jew who is no longer
religious. While the phenomenon of assimilation indeed is a reality for
American Jews, in this specific instance, his being without head covering is
not a message about his religious observance. A quick reminder of some of the
show’s dialogue on the subject of head coverings forJewish men points our discussion
back to the immigration issue.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
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In Tevye’s opening number “Tradition,” Tevye tells the
audience that in Anatevka the men always keep their heads covered. “Ask me
why,” he says, “I don’t know! But it’s a tradition.” At the very end of the
show, when the Russian constable announces the edict of eviction to the
Anatevka villagers, one of the villagers asks the rabbi why it is that Jews are
always wandering from place to place. Before the rabbi could respond, Tevye
says, “Maybe that’s why we always keep our heads covered.” In many cultures,
when a person would set out on a journey, they would wear a head covering as a
sign of protection, and upon arrival, the first symbolic sign of settling down
was to remove the head covering. Tevye’s reflection was a reaction to the
eviction, saying that being evicted from our homes is nothing new for us Jews,
and that maybe we always keep our heads covered because we are always prepared
to face the next eviction notice.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
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Enter Tevye’s American descendant, noticeably without a head
covering. As opposed to his ancestors who were evicted and wandering from place
to place – thus always having their heads covered – this man is born in the
United States, a place where he can permanently say “I’m home.” He does not
ever need to cover his head, for he is not going anywhere, and he knows that he
does not live with the threat of eviction looming over his head. He is the
descendant of those who “always had to keep their heads covered,” whereas he,
by contrast, has never known of the need to do so.<o:p></o:p></div>
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Different than a Passover Seder, Thanksgiving lacks any text
or formal discussion topic. It is an evening where we give thanks for the
basics – family, food and shelter. As a genuine “American” holiday, many Jews
use this meal as a special opportunity to appreciate and give thanks for living
in America, a country where we have enjoyed freedom and protection from day
one. Whether our ancestors came from Eastern Europe or the Middle East, we are
all “descendants of Tevye.” We are all descendants of those who sought these
shores seeking freedom, escaping persecution or in search of a better life. We
all come from families who always had their heads covered, and for those of us
born here, we are the ones who never had to keep a head covering on. If the
traditional Jews amongst us choose to now keep our heads covered, it has
nothing to do with a fear of eviction. It’s simply an outward expression of our
religious identity, and in the context of the United States, it’s actually the
opposite of Tevye – it’s an open declaration that we feel at home enough here
to openly say who we are, without fearing any repercussions.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
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As we sit down as Jews to our Thanksgiving dinner tonight,
we do so with a collective consciousness as “those who came from elsewhere” and
were blessed to find shelter and protection in this great country. We do so
knowing that many of our ancestors, like Tevye, were given three days to leave
their villages or countries. We do so as “descendants of Tevye,” who have never
known a day of persecution and have never lived here with any threat of
eviction. We sit down to our beautifully adorned tables and our delicious
foods, thankful for the life that America has provided for us. Finally, we sit
down to our tables and pray that America remains a country committed to the
same values and ideas that made it possible for Tevye and his family to find a
permanent home here.<o:p></o:p></div>
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Rabbi Daniel Bouskilahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15666138196827694495noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4304853825620637452.post-59130875950634315862015-10-28T00:02:00.002-07:002015-10-28T02:41:31.805-07:00Reflections on Agnon from A Jerusalem Cafe<br />
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Writing to you
from Jerusalem, I’ve got S.Y. Agnon on my mind. There are many reasons for
this. First, the obvious – Agnon lived most of his life here, wrote the bulk of
his literary output here, and is one of Jerusalem’s great modern-day figures,
bringing pride to Israel and Hebrew Literature by winning the 1966 Nobel Prize
in Literature. Whenever I sit down to write in Jerusalem, the shadow of Agnon
hovers over me. The spirit of his charming, intimidating and awe-inspiring
little home on 16 Klausner Street in Talpiot follows me from my room at the
Sephardic Educational Center (SEC) in the Old City to every café where I sit
and write.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-i7s-Ohzszwo/VjBuqyfoueI/AAAAAAAAAPw/TfxsUDpJ6dI/s1600/Agnon.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><img border="0" height="320" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-i7s-Ohzszwo/VjBuqyfoueI/AAAAAAAAAPw/TfxsUDpJ6dI/s320/Agnon.jpg" width="271" /></span></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Speaking of
cafes, one my favorite writing spots in Jerusalem is a café named <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Tmol Shilshom</i>, located in the Nahalat Shiva quarter near the center
of town. This literary café is named after one of Agnon’s greatest
novels - <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Tmol Shilshom – Only Yesterday</i>.
It is an inspirational café lined with books, and it is the café where I am
currently sitting to write this article. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-VjAViJThURs/VjBuP46MGsI/AAAAAAAAAPY/tfi2R0FjRIY/s1600/Tmol%2BShilshom%2BCafe%2BLogo.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><img border="0" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-VjAViJThURs/VjBuP46MGsI/AAAAAAAAAPY/tfi2R0FjRIY/s1600/Tmol%2BShilshom%2BCafe%2BLogo.jpg" /></span></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">A few nights
ago, I sat in this same café -- <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Tmol
Shilshom --</i> with some of my students, and we were discussing the beauties
and complexities of Israeli society. “There is the Israel that we fantasize
about as the ideal Jewish society, and then there is the real Israel, which
indeed we love, but often falls short of the perfect Israel we fantasize
about,” I told my students. As I said this, one of my students responded,
“Exactly, just like that novel you taught us about, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Tmol Shilshom,</i> by your favorite Israeli author, S.Y. Agnon.”<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-2uCVz_JhC4I/VjBub2GQ_7I/AAAAAAAAAPo/xSj9xF48vk8/s1600/Tmol%2BShilshom%2BPhoto.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><img border="0" height="239" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-2uCVz_JhC4I/VjBub2GQ_7I/AAAAAAAAAPo/xSj9xF48vk8/s320/Tmol%2BShilshom%2BPhoto.jpg" width="320" /></span></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">We proceeded
to discuss Agnon for the next hour, with a particular focus on Agnon’s unique
religious and theological orientation. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">What was S.Y.
Agnon’s religious orientation?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">In her
personal memoir, Emunah Yaron, Agnon’s daughter, addresses the question of her father’s
religiosity and faith: “There are many who did not believe that my father was
an observant Jew, even though a big black kippah always covered his head. There
are those who said that this kippah was simply a mask, a deceiving appearance
intended to fool the public into believing that he was actually a religious Jew
who observed the commandments.”<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">What could
possibly account for this wide held perception amongst many of Agnon’s </span><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">readers and
critics? Yaron continues: “Perhaps the lack of belief by many in my father’s
religiosity stems from the fact that in reading my father’s works, they often
detected in his plots and characters subtle or even overt theological
speculations into religious matters, which many of his readers interpreted as
outright heresy.”</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">To better
understand, let’s explore some of Agnon’s “theological speculations” in his
stories.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">In the story <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Afar Eretz Yisrael</i> (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The Dust of the Land of Israel</i>), the narrator proclaims:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">“The doubters
and skeptics, and all who are suspicious of things -- they are the only people
of truth, because they see the world as it is. They are unlike those who are
happy with their lot in life and with their world, who, as a result of their
continuous happiness, close their eyes from the truth.”<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">In his
signature story <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Agunot</i>, Agnon boldly
plays with a Rabbinic Midrash when describing the divorce proceedings between a
couple whose marriage was arranged, and who were mismatched from the very
beginning: “Our sages of blessed memory said that when a man puts his first
wife away from him, the very altars weep – but here the altars had dropped
tears even as he took her to be his wife.”<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Yom Kippur
plays a central theme in Agnon’s writing, as does the harsh reality of the </span><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">physical
destruction of Eastern European Jewry. In his story </span><i style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">At the Outset of the Day</i><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"> these two themes come together, as the
narrator and his daughter (whose home has just been destroyed) come to the synagogue
on the eve of Yom Kippur. As the father tells his little daughter that they will
soon bring her a “little prayer book full of letters,” he asks his daughter
“And now, dearest daughter, tell me, an alef and a bet that come together with
a kametz beneath the alef – how do you say them?” “Av,” answered the daughter.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">The word “<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Av</i>” means “father,” but it is also the
name of the darkest month on the Hebrew calendar. By asking the daughter to
spell “<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Av</i>,” Agnon is alluding to the
fact that this particular <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Yom Kippur</i>
(a fast day) closely resembles the gloom and darkness of <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Tisha B’Av</i> (also a fast day). The theological irony is that the
narrator goes on to tell his daughter “And now my daughter, what father (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Av</i>) is greater than all other fathers?
Our Father in heaven.” In his typically sarcastic fashion, Agnon employs a
linguistic double entendre linking the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Av</i>
in heaven (God) to the mood of the month of <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Av</i>
(the destruction of the father and daughter’s home) on this Yom Kippur.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">In one of his
most controversial short stories, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">K’neged
Otam Shekov’im Yeshivot Shel Ts’chok V’Kalut Rosh</i> (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Against Those Who Establish Gatherings of Laughter and Frivolity</i>),
Agnon tells of a woman who sits at home alone knitting on the Sabbath instead
of gossiping with her neighbors. Moses happens to pass by her house and notices
that God’s spirit hovers over the house (something only Moses can recognize).
Moses is shocked to find that the woman is actually “working” on the Sabbath,
violating one of the 39 prohibited Sabbath labors. He instructs her to sit with
her neighbors so that she would not violate the Sabbath, yet the following
week, when he once again passed by her house, he notices that God’s spirit no
longer hovered above the house. Moses understood that her original practice was
better, and he instructs her to return to it. Agnon boldly challenges the
notion of “violating the Sabbath,” and through the character of Moses – God’s
Lawgiver – Agnon suggests that gossip is more of a legal violation of the Sabbath
than are any of the 39 prohibited labors (knitting included!). This is a direct
challenge to the
conventional notions of religious tradition and authority, using the very
figure of religious authority (Moses) to challenge the tradition from within.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Is God
actively involved in the affairs of the world? Particularly, is God actively monitoring
the lives of His “Chosen People”? Agnon handled this question throughout his
literature, often with subtle ironic hints that smack of sarcasm and cynicism. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">In the story <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Ha-hadlakah</i> (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The Kindling</i>), Agnon tells the story of the great pilgrimage and
kindling of bonfires on the grave of Rabbi Shimon Bar Yohai on Lag Ba’Omer (the
33rd Day of the Omer Period). The Omer period
is traditionally associated with collective rites of mourning (no shaving, no
weddings or celebrations) due to the tragedies to have befallen the Jewish
people during this time period (plagues, pogroms, massacres). Agnon frames the
turning point of the story – when the situation starts to improve -- in
sarcastic theological terms: “With the passage of time, the Holy One Blessed Be
He returned His head into the place from where it was removed, and He saw what
had happened in<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">His world.”<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">In one of his
most daring pieces of modernism, Agnon wrote a meditation on the Kaddish, the
prayer recited by Jews when in mourning. The Kaddish has always been a peculiar
theological concept, having the mourner praise and exalt God while weeping in
grief for a departed loved one. In this <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Peticha
L’Kadish</i> (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Introduction to the Kaddish</i>),
Agnon states: Therefore all brothers in the House of Israel, who are gathered
here in mourning, let
us turn our hearts towards our Father and Redeemer in Heaven, and let us pray
for ourselves – and for Him, as it were, <i>Yitkadal
V’Yitkadash Shemei Rabba</i>…etc., etc.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Agnon places
the narrator as one who is eulogizing the dead of Israel after yet another war. Following
his introduction to the Kaddish, the eulogizer begins to recite the Kaddish, a
praise of God, and then continues by saying “etc., etc.,” as if to say – “you
know the rest, you’ve heard it so many times, I am tired of reciting it.”</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">There are many
commentators and literary critics on Agnon’s works, but Israeli author Amos Oz is one
of the rare few that dared to explore Agnon’s theological ruminations. In his
semiautobiographical <i>A Tale of Love and
Darkness</i>, Oz devotes an entire chapter to Agnon, where he writes, “Agnon
himself was an observant Jew, who kept the Sabbath and wore a skullcap. He was,
literally, a God-fearing man: in Hebrew, ‘fear’ and ‘faith’ are synonyms. There
are corners in Agnon’s stories where, in an indirect, cleverly camouflaged way,
the fear of God is portrayed as a terrible dread of God: Agnon believes in God
and fears him, but he does not love him.”</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">So what type of
writer was S.Y. Agnon? Was he a “secular writer masked in religious garb?” Was
he a “traditional Jewish writer with modernist tendencies and styles”? Emunah
Yaron writes that in response to these sorts of questions, her father would
respond that he is “an author of truth, who writes things as he sees them,
without any ‘make-up or rouge’ camouflaging the face of things, without any
décor trying to deter the eye from the core issues.” <o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">“For these very
reasons” writes Yaron, “my father – who was a religiously observant Jew –
refused to join the ‘Union of Religious Writers’ in Israel.” <o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-2jk82w4i6EU/VjBy1rqxhGI/AAAAAAAAAP8/ObzspMb_fvg/s1600/Agnon%2Bin%2BStudy.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-2jk82w4i6EU/VjBy1rqxhGI/AAAAAAAAAP8/ObzspMb_fvg/s1600/Agnon%2Bin%2BStudy.jpg" /></a></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">In the words of
Amos Oz, “it is in this paradox, the tormented tension between one tenet and
its opposite,” that we truly come to understand Agnon’s theological universe,
that is, a world where faith and doubt were eternal roommates. <o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span>
<br />
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">In <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The Silence of Heaven: Agnon’s Fear of God</i>,
a work which Oz devoted in its entirety to investigating Agnon’s theological
soul searching, Oz writes in his introduction that Agnon’s heart was “tormented
by theological doubts,” and that Agnon’s characters often treat their
challenges in life as “religious issues – providing that the term ‘religious’
is broad enough to encompass doubt, heresy and bitter irony about Heaven.” Oz
aptly captures Agnon’s tormented religious soul, and is one of the few
commentators on Agnon who refrained from looking at Agnon’s “kippah and observance
of mitzvot” as a “mask.” Instead, Oz recognizes that it is possible for Agnon –
or any Jew -- to observe God’s commandments while simultaneously struggling
with that same God.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">In fact, it is
even possible to sit in prayer -- fully wrapped in Tallit and Tefillin -- with
questions of faith on your mind as you address God.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">In his famous
story <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Tehilah</i>, Agnon has the narrator
standing at the Kotel – Judaism’s holiest site -- reflecting on his feelings
towards prayer: “I stood at times among the worshippers, and at times among
those who question.”<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">That’s life in
an Agnon story. In fact, that’s life.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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Rabbi Daniel Bouskilahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15666138196827694495noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4304853825620637452.post-15066140979656363672013-04-18T12:22:00.000-07:002013-04-18T12:22:58.549-07:00A Sephardic S.Y. Agnon<br />
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(published in the Jewish Journal/April 18, 2013)</div>
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In current
discourses on modern Israeli literature, the names Oz, Yehoshua and Grossman
typically dominate the discussion. But how often do we hear the name Haim
Sabato? Who is Sabato, and why is his writing often compared to Nobel Prize-winning
Israeli author S.Y. Agnon?</div>
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<a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-aHq4HiSLCHc/UXBF_XcQyHI/AAAAAAAAAIs/2W70yp_E6a8/s1600/Haim+Sabato+Image.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-aHq4HiSLCHc/UXBF_XcQyHI/AAAAAAAAAIs/2W70yp_E6a8/s320/Haim+Sabato+Image.jpg" width="213" /></a></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana;">When I
first met Sabato, the setting was not the typical book-lined study or corner
table at the literary cafe. Instead, it was the beit midrash of Yeshivat Birkat
Moshe in Ma’aleh Adumim, where he lives, studies, teaches Talmud — and writes
novels.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana;">Born in
Egypt and descended from a long line of rabbis from Aleppo, Syria, Sabato is
one of the most unique voices in modern Israeli literature. His writing is
inspired by Agnon, whose stories he read as a child, and the similarities
between the two are striking: Both are religiously observant, both employ a
linguistic style that draws heavily from biblical and rabbinic Hebrew, and both
tell their stories through a narrator who has a striking resemblance to the
author.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana;">But there
are major differences, and Sabato pointed them out in — of all places — Beit
Agnon (Agnon’s House), where he delivered the annual “Agnon Memorial Lecture” a
few years ago. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana;">“I
followed in Agnon’s footsteps in immersing my stories in the traditional sources
… but I felt a few layers were completely missing from his language. I
wondered, where are the wordplays of the Sephardic kabbalists, what about the
homiletics of the Aleppo scholars, the halachic terminology of Moroccan rabbis,
the Aramaic translations of Yemenite Jews, and the Ladino scholars of Jerusalem
who mix Midrash and Bible, dip it in Rashi, and create Ladino idioms? I was
zealous for them, so their language not be forsaken and lost. Who will sketch
their profiles, in their language?”<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana;">Sabato’s
literary journey began with “Aleppo Tales” and, most recently, “From the Four
Winds.”<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana;">But his
second and third books are what distinguish Sabato as a great novelist. In
these novels, he writes from a uniquely Sephardic perspective. He tells
Israel’s Sephardic story, of immigrants and of scholars. He seeks to
demonstrate how Sephardic Jews interacted with and ultimately integrated into
the predominant Ashkenazic culture of Israeli society, all the while struggling
to maintain their distinct culture and heritage.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-6jSAPDe844Q/UXBGJsFEOlI/AAAAAAAAAI0/p7HBvchre9Q/s1600/Adjusting+Sights+Image.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-6jSAPDe844Q/UXBGJsFEOlI/AAAAAAAAAI0/p7HBvchre9Q/s320/Adjusting+Sights+Image.jpg" width="189" /></a></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana;">“Adjusting
Sights” is a classic Yom Kippur War novel; based on Sabato’s own experiences,
the narrator — Haim — tells the story of what happened to him and his childhood
friend, Dov (a real childhood friend of Sabato’s), during that war. But beyond
the powerful narrative of friendship, faith and the turmoil of the Yom Kippur
War, Sabato’s story has a deeper message. In the beginning, Haim recounts his
childhood as an immigrant from Egypt who now lives in the impoverished
neighborhood of Beit Mazmil, just outside of Jerusalem (true to Sabato’s own
story — which he returns to and expands in his fourth novel, “From the Four
Winds<i>”</i>). Haim’s cousin, Shabtai, takes him out to play, and as the two
sit on the side of the soccer field talking, they are suddenly surrounded by a
group of boys from the neighborhood who shout, “Arabs! Arabs!” Haim bursts into
tears, and it is a tough Sephardic boy — Momo and his “gang” — who rescues Haim
and Shabtai. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana;">“These
kids aren’t Arabs. They’re talking Arabic because they’re new … no one touches
them.” But as much as Momo is Haim’s protector and he felt a kinship
toward him, their life journeys are different. Momo, a Moroccan “tough guy” who
knows how to pray and recites Psalms by heart, is thrown out of school for misconduct
and resorts to the streets, the fate of many Sephardic immigrants in Israel.
Haim is a young Torah scholar who befriends Dov, an Ashkenazi immigrant from
Romania. The two go on to yeshiva high school and hesder yeshiva together.
Although Haim bumps into Momo (now an officer) during the Yom Kippur War, it is
with Dov that Haim shares a tank and fights the war. “Adjusting Sights<i>” </i>is
a Yom Kippur War story, but beneath its layers lies the story of a Sephardic
immigrant whose blending into mainstream Israeli society came during one of
Israel’s most defining moments.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-04eNWAKDAfE/UXBHAemHxYI/AAAAAAAAAJE/9SM-YzU6OIo/s1600/Dawning+of+the+Day+(Better+Image).jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-04eNWAKDAfE/UXBHAemHxYI/AAAAAAAAAJE/9SM-YzU6OIo/s320/Dawning+of+the+Day+(Better+Image).jpg" width="207" /></a></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana;">“The
Dawning of the Day: A Jerusalem Tale” is Sabato’s ode to Sephardic rabbis and
poets (something he began in “Aleppo Tales<i>”</i>). Set in the heavily
Sephardic Jerusalem neighborhoods of Nahalaot and Mahane Yehuda, this novel
features rabbis named Pinto, Hadad and Ventura, and characters named Tawil,
Antebi and Mizrahi. But the novel’s main character is a laundry presser named
Ezra Siman Tov, whose initials — E.S.T. — “could also
be read as <i>Ezra Sephardi Tahor — </i>Ezra, a pure Sephardi.” Ezra is a
Sephardic storyteller who becomes Sabato’s voice to the Ashkenazi world,
including to Agnon: “There was once a great writer in Jerusalem. All Jerusalem
took pride in him, both during his life and after his death. His fame extended
throughout the world. At times, on his walks … he noticed a man with a shining
face in the alley near the entrance to the synagogue. The man stood encircled
by a group of people who were listening to him and were rapt with attention.
The writer too began to listen and his eyes lit up … that storyteller was Ezra
Siman Tov.” The irony is that in this scene, Siman Tov tells a Chasidic tale!
This is Sabato’s brilliant way of telling Agnon, “I know your stories, but do
you know mine?” Siman Tov and “the great writer” ultimately develop a
relationship, a reflection of Sabato’s interaction with Agnon’s writings, or of
the Sephardic writer who seeks to interface with Israel’s continuously
Ashkenazic narrative.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana;">The
greatest difference between Agnon and Sabato is not only their ethnic
backgrounds, but also their strikingly different outlook on life. Agnon’s
novels are filled with cynicism and bitterness. Sabato’s novels are — in his
own words — “filled with sparks of light, and instead of the bitter drop of
fate [in Agnon’s stories], a hopeful dose of faith.”<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana;">Perhaps it’s time
for Israeli society to re-evaluate its narrative … and its narrator. </span><o:p></o:p></div>
<!--EndFragment-->Rabbi Daniel Bouskilahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15666138196827694495noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4304853825620637452.post-32433669498573332472012-08-09T14:03:00.000-07:002012-08-09T14:03:45.077-07:00A Rav Uziel Renaissance<br />
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Ever since his death in 1953, most
Israelis had never heard of Rabbi Ben-Zion Meir Hai Uziel, Israel’s first
Rishon Le-Zion (Sephardic Chief Rabbi). One of the 20<sup>th</sup> century’s
most prolific rabbinic scholars, and a prominent rabbinic and civic leader
throughout the formative years of Zionism, Rav Uziel belonged to a different
generation, and is thus an unknown figure to most modern Israelis. Every major
city in Israel has a “Rechov Ha-Rav Uziel” (Rav Uziel street), but most who
walk or drive that street do not know who Rav Uziel is. Thankfully, that is
starting to change.</div>
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<o:p></o:p></div>
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This week I met with Mr. Ezra
Barnea, the Director of The Institute for the Publication of Rav Uziel’s
Writings. A native and long time resident of Jerusalem, Ezra studied in the
Sephardic Talmud Torah in the Old City, in the same buildings that now house
our Sephardic Educational Center. An expert in Sephardic manuscripts, music and
hazzanut, Ezra sits in a very small office in the Heichal Shlomo building in
Jerusalem. His office may be small, but his work is larger than life. With no
staff (except his adorable grandson who was in the office that day helping him
out), a small advisory board, some dedicated volunteers, a few generous donors,
and an old school work ethic combined with a pleasant personality that always
greets you with a warm smile, Ezra Barnea has taken it upon himself to edit and
publish the massive and precious treasure chest of manuscripts left behind by
Rav Uziel. Sitting in Ezra’s office is a true inspiration. Surrounded by books,
manuscripts, and a glass case containing Rav Uziel’s beautifully embroidered
robe traditionally worn by Sephardic Chief Rabbis, Ezra has singlehandedly created
a “Rav Uziel Renaissance” here in Israel.<o:p></o:p></div>
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In just under fifteen years, Ezra
has edited and brought to publication 28 volumes of Rav Uziel’s
writings…including two new volumes that just came out this week. These
beautifully bound and well laid out books include 9 volumes of Rav Uziel’s
halakhic responsa (Mishpetei Uziel) dealing with matters of Jewish ritual and
civil life, his spiritual writings addressing questions of faith (Hegyonei
Uziel), and his commentaries on the Talmud, Maimonides and Pirkei Avot. There
are also special volumes addressing specific halakhic issues such as the
function of rabbinic courts, the special laws relating to orphans and widows,
and the complex laws governing the sabbatical year in Israel. A true treasure
are the six volumes that collect all of Rav Uziel’s major speeches, addresses
and letters, giving the reader an in depth look into the world of the formative
years of the pre-state Zionist Yishuv in Eretz Yisrael, and of Rav Uziel’s
active leadership during that period. The two volumes that came out this week
are a beautiful collection of all of Rav Uziel’s writings on the topics of
Shabbat and all of the Jewish holidays. These books are sold in Judaica
bookstores throughout Israel, and now form an integral part of the libraries
and Batei Midrash (Study Halls) of many Yeshivot and Jewish Institutions of
Higher Learning. They are available to rabbinic judges, yeshiva students, or
the educated lay person who is intrigued by the ever relevant classic Sephardic
approach of a balanced and moderate approach to halakha, Jewish thought,
Zionism, tradition and modernity, written by one of the 20<sup>th</sup>
century’s greatest rabbinic leaders.<o:p></o:p></div>
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As if publishing these books was
not enough, Ezra has also seen to it that Rav Uziel’s story be told on film.
The result is a beautifully and professionally produced documentary that
chronicles the personal life, leadership career and unique rabbinic approach of
Rav Uziel – all in 85 minutes. Watching this film is a journey through several
worlds: the Old Sephardic Yishuv in Jerusalem, the pre-State Zionist movement
in Eretz Yisrael and the brilliant mind and kind heart of Rav Uziel. Photos,
audio and video clips and interviews from family members, rabbis, students and
even the entertainer Yehoram Gaon, all speak glowingly of a man who was a
defender of tradition in a secular Zionist world, an ardent and pro-active
Zionist who believed that the emerging State of Israel was clearly the hand of
God, a rabbinic leader who embraced all facets of modern life, and a rabbinic
scholar who combined intellect, knowledge, passion and compassion in every
halakhic decision that he made. The film was screened on television in Israel,
and met with glowing reviews. <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">(I was so
moved by the film that I have obtained the rights from Mr. Barnea to screen it
at the SEC’s upcoming Sephardic Film Festival in Los Angeles this coming
November. The film is currently being subtitled in English, and we are planning
a special evening the night it will be screened at the festival. We are proud
that our screening will mark the U.S. Premiere of this important film).<o:p></o:p></b></div>
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Books and films are powerful ways
of reaching wide audiences, but if you want an educational message to become
part of a society, you have to find a way of reaching students in established
schools. I was so excited to learn that after much lobbying by Mr. Barnea, this
past school year marked the launching in the Israeli school system of a new
“Rav Uziel Curriculum,” officially produced by The State of Israel’s Ministry
of Education. The curriculum includes an educational book and DVD with texts,
photos, and educational exercises, all relating to the life and teachings of
Rav Uziel. The book was produced in a way that it can be used for a variety of
age groups. As such, you will find activities for first graders alongside
suggested activities for high school students. This efficient system made it
possible to introduce this curriculum throughout the Israeli school system, now
making it a fixture in Israel’s required Judaic subjects. <o:p></o:p></div>
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Conversion to Judaism is arguably
Israel’s most controversial internal issue today. “Who Is A Jew?” and “Who Is A
Rabbi” are core questions that stand at the center of Israeli society’s identity
crisis as a “Jewish State.” Long before these became politicized matters
between rival rabbinic factions in Israel, Rav Uziel dealt with these questions
for the emerging Jewish state. Jews were coming to Eretz Yisrael from all over
the world, and, as reflected in Rav Uziel’s halakhic responsa, intermarriage is
nothing new in the Jewish world. As such, the halakhic questions of conversions
and Jewish identity, the status of children from mixed marriages, and the
halakhic requirements for conversions by rabbinic courts were all matters that
Rav Uziel dealt with extensively during his career. <o:p></o:p></div>
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Because of this current crisis
plaguing Israeli society (and Jews everywhere), Ezra has commissioned Israeli
scholar Zvi Zohar to write a special book dealing with Rav Uziel’s halakhic
approach to conversion. An expert in Sephardic Halakhic responsa (and a friend
and lecturer at the SEC in Jerusalem and Los Angeles), Professor Zohar’s book
will certainly present today’s rabbinic leaders with a challenge that – if accepted
– will transform the world of conversion to something much less complicated,
and virtually free of controversy. In his desire to foster a Judaism that was
inclusive and welcoming, Rav Uziel legislated halakhic rulings that made
converting to Judaism a positive and inspirational experience, without
compromising halakhic matters. Rav Uziel’s approach was inspired by this week’s
Torah portion, Parashat Ekev, where we are taught that God “Loves the Stranger
(Ger),” and that we “Shall love the stranger (ger).” The Hebrew word for
stranger (ger) is the same word used by halakha for converts. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>I look forward to Professor Zohar’s book, and
the positive impact it will hopefully make for the Jewish people.<o:p></o:p></div>
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When I was with Mr. Barnea this
week, I discussed with him my possibly undertaking the translation of
selections of Rav Uziel’s works into English. One of my projects with the
Sephardic Educational Center is to spread the good word of Classic Sephardic
Judaism to as wide an audience as possible, and I feel that Rav Uziel’s works
are the best place to begin. We spoke about creating an anthology reflecting a
cross section of Rav Uziel’s halakhic responsa, his Jewish thought articles,
and some of his speeches and letters. This would be a “Rav Uziel Reader,” and the
goal would be to introduce Rav Uziel’s writings to the general Jewish public in
the U.S., and to hopefully integrate his teachings into Jewish schools. Mr.
Barnea was very supportive of this idea. To date, the only book about Rav Uziel
available in English is an excellent biography written by my colleague Rabbi
Marc Angel. Titled “Loving Truth and Peace: The Grand Religious Worldview of
Rabbi Benzion Uziel,” it is a book I strongly recommend. The creation of this
anthology/reader would complement Rabbi Angel’s book, giving students the
opportunity to read actual texts by Rav Uziel.<o:p></o:p></div>
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In the spirit of my suggestion to
Ezra Barnea, and in the spirit of this week’s haftarah that deals with
comforting the Jewish people after the destruction of Jerusalem, I will now
translate a selection from the new volume on the Jewish holidays. Rav Uziel
wrote these comforting and inspirational words after Tisha B’Av, <span style="mso-bidi-language: HE;">1933:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-language: HE;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">We must remove this divisiveness that plagues us, and instead make our
work as a community a reflection of peace and love. But who will stand and lead
this change amongst us? This specific task belongs to the “Faithful in Israel,”
our rabbinic and spiritual leaders. This belongs to them, because the Torah is
not an alienating force; rather it is a force that brings people closer
together. The true announcement of the redemption and the coming of the Messiah
will only happen when the hearts of parents are drawn closer to their children,
and the hearts of children are drawn closer to their parents. It is about time
that the “Faithful in Israel” unite forces in their sacred work, and unite the
entire Nation of Israel around them. Such unity, of spiritual leaders working
together, unifying our people as one, will serve as our greatest source of
comfort and strength, especially during these times when the waves of evil are
spreading over all Jews -- (1933 – The Rise of the Nazis). <o:p></o:p></i></span></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-language: HE;">Quite a grand vision – rabbis working together, leading to the unification
of the Jewish people. Indeed sounds messianic (especially the part about rabbis
working together), but were he alive today, with the “waves of evil” once again
threatening to spread over Jews, Rav Uziel would speak the exact same message.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-language: HE;">This past week, I had three separate meetings in Jerusalem with potential
partners who are all interested in my biggest dream for the SEC, and for the
Jewish world – the creation of a new rabbinical training program that will
train rabbis in the classic Sephardic mode of Rav Uziel. With the publication
of his books by Ezra Barnea, the inclusion of his teachings into the Israeli
educational system, Zvi Zohar’s upcoming book on conversion, the screening of
the film at our festival, and the possible creation of a new English
anthology/reader, this current “Rav Uziel Renaissance” will reach higher
heights if and when we have a new generation of rabbis and educators who can
teach and spread Rav Uziel’s teachings to a new generation of Jews all over the
world. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-language: HE;">In the spirit of comforting messages after Tisha B’Av, it’s good to see the
Classic Sephardic mode of Judaism – especially through the figure of Rav Uziel
-- enjoying a renaissance, slowly but surely making it’s way back into Israeli
society and the Jewish world. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>Rabbi Daniel Bouskilahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15666138196827694495noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4304853825620637452.post-20214149245358909232012-04-04T15:42:00.000-07:002012-04-04T15:42:19.020-07:00Lost In Translation<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-Omb5mTnbYIc/T3zNkqljSFI/AAAAAAAAAGk/Ew0m564D5w0/s1600/MOROCCAN-PASSOVER1-380x380.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-Omb5mTnbYIc/T3zNkqljSFI/AAAAAAAAAGk/Ew0m564D5w0/s320/MOROCCAN-PASSOVER1-380x380.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><div style="text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: left;">“Our Passover Seder is translated into Arabic,” I used to tell my friends in school. “Arabic?” they responded in bewilderment, “that’s so weird! How could you translate a Seder into Arabic? Isn’t Arabic the language of the enemy?”</div><div style="text-align: left;"></div><div class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal">Growing up in a French speaking Sephardic-Moroccan home in Los Angeles, my sisters and I were never taught that Arabic was the “language of the enemy.” That is, unless we considered our parents “the enemy,” who spoke it amongst themselves when they didn’t want us to understand what was being said. I have vivid memories of Judeo-Arabic being spoken in my home. It was a “private” language for my parents, as well as a form of cultural communication for my parents and their friends. In fact, there are several jokes for which to this day, I don’t know the punch line, as they started out in French, and just when the suspense was it its peak, the punch line rolled out in Judeo-Arabic. When my sisters and I would beg my father to translate, the answer always was “I could translate, but it won’t be the same.”<o:p></o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">I have come to understand my father’s principle of “I could translate, but it won’t be the same” to also mean that there are times when linguistic expression is often more powerful than the actual translation itself. Throughout my upbringing, the first chant at the Passover Seder that really made it feel like Pesach for all of us around the table sounded like this: <o:p></o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: center; text-autospace: none;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Haq’da Qssam L’lah lb’har âla tnass l’treq ‘hin khrzeu<o:p></o:p></span></i></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: center; text-autospace: none;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">zdoud’na min massar, âla yed sid’na oun’bina moussa ben amram haq’da n’khrzeu min had l’galouth amen ken yehi ratson.<o:p></o:p></span></i></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: center; text-autospace: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">My father chanted this during <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Yahatz</i>, as he split the middle matzah. It was not a formal part of the Haggadah. It was a text that stood by itself, and although none of us understood a word of what was being said, we all chimed in, and we all had our own images and perceptions of how this moment was speaking to us.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br />
</span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">For me, in the truest spirit of Passover, this Judeo-Arabic chant represented a journey through my roots. In a language whose words I did not understand, but whose tone and music evoked deep emotions within me, this chant helped tell me the story of Jewish life in Morocco. On the night where we are mandated to “tell the story,” here came a chant in a language I did not speak, yet told me the story of my Moroccan Jewish heritage more vividly than any history book ever could. It evoked images in my mind of my great-grandfather Rabbi Yosef Pinto, sitting at his Seder in Marrakesch dressed in a Jalabiya with a scarf on his head, breaking the middle matzah and recounting the exodus to his family in the same Judeo-Arabic. It transposed me back to the Moroccan Mellah (Jewish Ghetto), a place I’ve only been to in my mind, but a place that I nonetheless could hear, feel and even smell, especially at that moment. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Haq’da Qssam L’lah </i>even reminded me – because it was in Arabic – that Moroccan Jewry once had positive and cordial relations with their Muslim neighbors, something we’ve painfully lost today.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">As the Seder journeyed on, it was peppered with other Judeo-Arabic chants. Examples include <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Had taam d’eef kleu zdoud’na fi ardi massar (Ha Lahma Anya – This is the Bread of Poverty) </i>or <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Fkhrouz Israel mn masar (B’Tset Yisrael Mimitzrayim – When Israel Left Egypt – Psalm 114). </i>These were the sounds at my Seder – raw, unfiltered and deeply authentic. Hearing the Haggadah in Arabic took us away from our first generation American milieu, and transposed us back to a place where Judaism thrived in a deeply spiritual fashion, enriched by a rich cultural world that enjoyed an intimate bond with the cuisine, spices, music and language of North African Arab culture.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br />
</span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-U3z-knGKWcI/T3zM5kLPuVI/AAAAAAAAAGU/-uwTjTP1zOQ/s1600/moroccan+dish+and+kiddush+cup.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-U3z-knGKWcI/T3zM5kLPuVI/AAAAAAAAAGU/-uwTjTP1zOQ/s320/moroccan+dish+and+kiddush+cup.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">With my parents no longer alive, my family continues our Judeo-Arabic chanting at the Seder. These chants continue to tell the story of Pesach – my Moroccan ancestor’s Pesach – to my children, in the original language of their ancestors. Pirkei Avot teaches us to “know from whence we come.” This is as important a story on the night of Pesach as is the master story in the Haggadah. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">I am proud to raise my children to understand that, despite the ugly extremism of jihadists and fundamentalists, Arabic is still not the “language of the enemy,” and that Jews have a long-standing relationship with Arabic language and culture. It reminds my children that Jewish works of outstanding spiritual and intellectual stature, such as Judah Halevi’s <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Kuzari </i>or Maimonides’ <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Guide to the Perplexed, </i>were written in Arabic, and that nobody accused these great minds of writing in the “language of the enemy.” <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">After my father’s passing a few years ago, I found the translation of the text we read while breaking the middle Matzah: </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;">This is how the Holy One Blessed be He split the sea into twelve separate paths, when our ancestors left Egypt, through the leadership of our master and prophet, Moses son of Amram, of blessed memory. Just like God redeemed them and saved them from harsh labors and brought them to freedom, so, too, may the Holy One Blessed be He, redeem us for the sake of His great name, and let us say, Amen.<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;">Sounds – and feels -- so much better in the original.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;">(originally published in The Jewish Journal 4/4/12)</span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-LiadEOLXdqc/T3zMVq_BYeI/AAAAAAAAAGE/jH8msB9uTZ4/s1600/Jewish+Journal+Logo.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="57" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-LiadEOLXdqc/T3zMVq_BYeI/AAAAAAAAAGE/jH8msB9uTZ4/s320/Jewish+Journal+Logo.gif" width="320" /></a></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><br />
</div><!--EndFragment-->Rabbi Daniel Bouskilahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15666138196827694495noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4304853825620637452.post-62075655321186003882011-12-09T00:29:00.000-08:002011-12-09T00:29:30.816-08:00Lights, Camera, Israel<!--StartFragment--> <br />
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: center; text-autospace: none;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times-Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Times-Roman;">(Parashat Vayishlach – Genesis 32:4 – 36:43)<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: center; text-autospace: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times-Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Times-Roman;">Like a good movie, Israel evokes a variety of emotions within us. In fact, the poster for the 1994 Israel Film Festival (IFF) reads: <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">“Passion, Triumph, Danger, Tragedy, Suspense, Miracles, Conflict, Ecstasy, Israel.” </i>When I asked Meir Fenigstein, founder and director of the IFF, why he chose these particular words, he said, “These are the ingredients that produce a good film, and these also happen to be the emotions that best capture the story of Israel.” <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times-Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Times-Roman;">Fenigstein was referring to the modern State of Israel, but I would argue that these words have portrayed the story of Israel from its very inception. Actually, the very first time the word “Israel” was pronounced, the scene was one of danger, suspense and conflict; its outcome could be tragic or miraculous; and the passion that ensued produced a feeling of ecstasy and, ultimately, triumph.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times-Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Times-Roman;">It was a dark, lonely night when “Jacob remained alone, and a man wrestled with him until the break of dawn” (Genesis 32:25). Jewish commentators are divided as to what exactly took place that night. Who was this mysterious “man” that suddenly appeared and wrestled with Jacob all night? Was he an angel or a real person? If he was an angel, who and what did he represent? Was this a real physical event, or did it take place in the realm of the supernatural? Was it a prophecy, a dream or a combination thereof? <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times-Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Times-Roman;">No matter what answers the commentators have suggested, the outcome of this wrestling match is even more compelling than the above questions. Just before the break of dawn, when the “man” saw that he was unable to defeat Jacob, “he wrenched Jacob’s hip at its socket, so that the socket of his hip was dislocated as he wrestled with him.” He then implored Jacob “let me leave, for dawn is breaking.” Despite his injured thigh, Jacob still overwhelmed the “man,” and refused to let him go until the “man” would bless him. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times-Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Times-Roman;">“What is your name?” the man asked. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times-Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Times-Roman;">“Jacob,” he replied. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times-Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Times-Roman;">The “man’s” answer to Jacob is the turning point in Jacob’s life, and marks the dawning of a new nation destined to spend its eternity much like Jacob spent that night — alone, often in the dark, struggling with God, wrestling with enemies, injured … and triumphant. “Your name shall no longer be Jacob, <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">but Israel</b>, for you have striven with beings divine and human, and have prevailed” (Genesis 32:29).<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times-Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Times-Roman;">The medieval Bible commentator and grammarian Rabbi David Kimchi (Radak) teaches that the Hebrew word for “striven” — <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">sari-ta — </i>has as its root the word <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">sarah </i>(not to be confused with the name Sarah), which means “to contend,” or to “struggle toward victory.” This explains, according to Radak, the choice of Jacob’s new name — Israel. Built into the word “Israel” is the root <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">sarah</i>, which means that built into the word Israel is the character of struggling — with “beings divine and human.” Much like the patriarch Israel spent that night — and much of his life — struggling with the complexities of God, family, sibling rivalry, morals and ethics, parenthood and relations with neighbors, so, too, his descendants — the nation of Israel — were destined to spend their existence struggling with God, with each other, and with those that surround them. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times-Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Times-Roman;">The Talmud teaches: “The deeds of our forefathers are a sign for their children.” Never was this more applicable, especially to contemporary Israel, than the moment when Jacob — now named Israel — walked away from his wrestling match triumphant yet limping, permanently scarred from his battle wounds. This image conjures up the many instances in Israel’s modern history when Israel triumphed, but the wounds of battle rendered the triumph bittersweet. From its rebirth in 1948 on the rebounds of the Holocaust, to the many valiant battles fought by the IDF, to the miraculous victory at Entebbe marred by the loss of one soldier, to the elated feeling of seeing Gilad Shalit home again with the sobering reality of the price for his release, Israel — like its namesake — continues to walk off of its many battlefields with her fists raised in triumph, despite her injured legs limping away. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times-Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Times-Roman;">The words on the Israel Film Festival poster continue to ring true: <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Passion, Triumph, Danger, Tragedy, Suspense, Miracles, Conflict, Ecstasy, Israel</i>. Like a good movie – and like Israel the patriarch -- Israel’s wrestling matches are passionate, filled with internal conflict, wrought with suspense and danger from enemies, and when we experience the ecstasies of Israel’s triumphs, we are compelled – like David Ben-Gurion said -- to believe in miracles.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;"><br />
</div><!--EndFragment-->Rabbi Daniel Bouskilahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15666138196827694495noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4304853825620637452.post-13708578368241024542011-04-17T07:21:00.000-07:002011-04-17T07:21:39.406-07:00A Beatles Passover<!--StartFragment--> <br />
<div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt;">Last night my family and I went out with some friends to the Pantages Theatre, where we took a musical journey back in time. For over two hours, the Broadway production of <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">“Rain: A Tribute to the Beatles</b>” took us through the tumultuous 1960’s and the great Beatles songs that came to define that decade. From the innocence of “I Want To Hold Your Hand” to the provocative “Revolution” and the contemplative “Let It Be,” we danced, laughed, cried and “Twisted and Shouted” to the sounds and sights of a unique era in time. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt;"><br />
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</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt;">Throughout the show, I could not help but reflect on the depth and meaning of the Beatles lyrics, and how relevant they still are in our generation. Themes like “All You Need Is Love” and “Give Peace A Chance” are not limited to the 1960’s, but are relevant to all people at any time who seek a life filled with love and peace. To put it in Beatles terminology, the themes and lyrics of Beatle’s songs are not just about “Yesterday,” but they are also about “today and tomorrow.”<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt;"><br />
</span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 19px;">So, too, with the upcoming Passover holiday and the Seder that we sit down to with our families this coming Monday night. The themes of Passover – freedom from slavery and oppression, faith in God through thick and thin, and the power of storytelling – are meaningful and relevant to all generations of Jews everywhere in the world. Recounting the Exodus from Egypt is not limited to the “Magical Mystery Tour” of the Ten Plagues and the Crossing of the Red Sea from our Egyptian past. It’s also about “The Long and Winding Road” of Jewish history – from Medieval Spain through 18</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 19px;"><sup>th</sup></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 19px;"> Century Poland, and from Nazi Germany to the Rise of Modern Israel – where we have experienced “Slavery and Freedom” again and again. We use the Exodus story as a framework for a narrative to tell and re-tell our collective history and our own stories to our children, hoping to inspire them to carry our traditions, ideas and values into the future.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt;">“<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">In Every Generation</b>” – these words appear all over the place in the Haggadah. They are the “tagline” to the whole Seder experience, conveying the relevance of the Passover story for all Jews at all times. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt;">“<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">In every generation one is obligated to see oneself as if one had gone out of Egypt</b>” – In this instance, the Haggadah seeks to include everyone seated around the table, openly declaring that the Passover story belongs to all Jews, irrespective of background or age group. It belongs to my ancestors that I have never met, it belongs to my parents, it belongs to my children, and it belongs to me – today, at the age of 46, and even 18 years from now, “When I’m 64.”<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt;">“In every generation our enemies try and destroy us, but the Holy One Blessed be He saves us from them”</span></b><span style="font-size: 14.0pt;"> – This grim reality is a testimony to our survival. It’s a tribute to our willingness to overcome our enemies, even under the most extreme of circumstances. As my good friend Amos Oz pu it, “The Jewish people have survived for thousands of years because millions of Jews, over dozens of generations, have made personal decisions to uphold their identity. It’s also a reminder that we have gotten by with “a little help from Hashem.”<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt;">Chag Pesach Kasher V’Sameach<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
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</div><!--EndFragment-->Rabbi Daniel Bouskilahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15666138196827694495noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4304853825620637452.post-69327695716417067772011-03-17T15:45:00.000-07:002011-03-17T15:45:26.221-07:00My Personal Purim Miracle<!--StartFragment--> <br />
<div class="MsoNormal">It was Purim, 1985. The surroundings seemed so strange to me.<span style="mso-bidi-language: HE;"> From childhood, Purim always meant Megillah reading, noise from noisemakers, loud music, lively dancing, people dressed up in different costumes, lots of good food, exchange of Mishloach Manot gift baskets, and a little “l’chaim” to top things off. That was exactly the Purim I had in 1984, 1983, 1982…all the way back to 1964, the year I was born.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bidi-language: HE;">This year, it just wasn’t the same. There was no Megillah available to be read. There were some occasional loud noises, but they did not come from kids cranking noisemakers. There was no music to dance to, and nobody was really in the mood to dance. Not only were people not dressed up in costumes, but everyone was actually dressed exactly the same. The food was the same type of bland food we had eaten the day before, and the only exchanges were wishes of “Purim Sameach (Happy Purim),” with the sad and sarcastic response being “Yes, this is really Sameach (Happy), isn’t it?” If we said l’chaim – to life -- it wasn’t over a drink; it was a sincere hope that we will come out of this alive. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bidi-language: HE;">Purim 1985. Southern Lebanon. A lonely platoon of IDF soldiers, stuck in a small fortress. Not a very friendly place to be. The noise of gunfire, not the rhythm you would want to dance to. Young boys dressed up in khaki uniforms. Neighbors who were not interested in receiving Mishloach Manot. Strange, surreal. “During the month of Adar, we increase in joy” says the Talmud. Not here. Not in this place. No joy, nothing to celebrate. Just long shifts of guard duty, and patrols that really warranted the wishes of “l’chaim.”<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bidi-language: HE;">That night of Purim is one big blur to me. Same with the morning – a total blank. All I could remember is the same exact things I could remember from any other day in Lebanon. But I will never, ever, ever forget the afternoon.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bidi-language: HE;">I was standing on guard duty with Moti, my sergeant who I had become very close to ever since basic training was over. We always did guard duty together, often talking about life, big dreams, and great hopes for the future. We would take turns looking through the binoculars, as there was this one long road we had to watch over. All sorts of traffic passed through this road. Lebanese delivery trucks, civilians driving from one town to the next, IDF convoys, ambulances. Due to the rise in suicide car bombs in Southern Lebanon, the IDF declared a rule that any vehicle that had only a driver and no passengers would immediately be suspected as a suicide bomber, and the IDF would open fire towards it. We had the dubious honor of watching over this road.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bidi-language: HE;">Moti was staring through the high - powered binoculars, and he told me that an IDF convoy was on its way. “I see some IDF vehicles approaching us,” he said, “and there is some other non-IDF van with them, but I can’t recognize what it is from here. Take a look.” I looked through the binoculars, and the convoy of jeeps and armored personnel carriers, still quite a distance away, was indeed accompanying a white van, but I could not make out the writing on the van. I looked and looked and looked, until the writing on the van suddenly became clear to me.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bidi-language: HE;">“Oh my God, I can’t believe my eyes,” I said in English. “What, what is it?” asked Moti. My eyes stared in amazement through the binoculars at the writing on the van: <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Chabad</b>. That’s right, this IDF convoy was accompanying a Chabad van.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bidi-language: HE;">The convoy pulled up to our fortress, and my friends guarding the gate opened it up. In drove IDF jeeps, armored personnel carriers, and a van carrying Chabad rabbis and students. Like a mirage in the desert, the van stopped, and out came four Chabadniks. One of them held a Megillat Esther. Another had an accordion slung over his shoulders. Another had a bag filled with small megillot, Purim cards from kids, and blessing notes from the Lubavitcher Rebbe. Last but certainly not least, one of them brought out several bags of hamentashen, various other sweets, and, of course, a bottle and shot glasses for a true “l’chaim.”<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bidi-language: HE;">Just like that, out of nowhere, in the middle of a war zone, this little IDF fortress suddenly came alive with the spirit of Purim. Now it was <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">really</i> surreal. From the bleak picture I described above, I could suddenly see somebody reading the Megillah from a parchment scroll, with people following in small paperback megillot (I have mine to this day). I now heard joyous accordion music, and I could see people dancing with big smiles in small circles. People were eating hamentashen, and l’chaim was not about a patrol, but instead was a good shot of vodka. We were all taking turns guarding the various posts, as everybody wanted to share in this sudden outburst of Purim joy. Purim was here, alive and well, in an IDF fortress in Southern Lebanon! Here we were – religious soldiers, secular soldiers, simple soldiers, officers, mechanics and cooks – together with these four Chabad angels, who brought us the purest sense of joy and the most sincere expressions of solidarity, support and unity I have ever experienced. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bidi-language: HE;">There is not one single mention of God’s name in Megillat Esther. Rabbinic tradition interprets this as the Purim story being an example of the “hidden hand of God,” where miracles happen behind the scenes.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bidi-language: HE;">I wasn’t in Shushan 2,500 years ago, so I can only rely on what the Megillah tells us. But there is one thing I am sure of: on Purim Day, 1985, for my friends and I in an IDF fortress in Southern Lebanon, there were no “hidden miracles.” God’s name was in the air, and the miracle of Purim was out in the open – in the most unlikely of places -- for all to see and hear. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bidi-language: HE;">Shabbat Shalom and Purim Sameach.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
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</div><!--EndFragment-->Rabbi Daniel Bouskilahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15666138196827694495noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4304853825620637452.post-58205312879716639392011-01-27T17:41:00.000-08:002011-01-27T17:41:01.365-08:00The Spirituality of Civil Law (Parashat Mishpatim/Exodus 21:1-24:18<!--StartFragment--> <br />
<div class="MsoNormal">What do laws about personal injury, personal damages, holes in the ground, damages due to negligence with fire, paying employees on time, borrowing items from a friend or lending money have to do with Judaism? After all, isn’t Judaism – like all other religions – all about ritual observances, holiday and lifecycle celebrations and prayer services in a house of worship? Why would a religious book like the Torah contain legislation in matters of what society typically calls “civil law”?<o:p></o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal">The answer is that Judaism is not a religion, but a way of life. The Torah is not a collection of “Jewish rituals,” rather it’s a guide on how to live life – everywhere. The 613 commandments in the Torah are as much concerned with how life is conducted in the work place as with how services are conducted in the synagogue. In fact, prior to legislating any laws regarding houses of worship, sacred spaces, High Priests and sacrifices or prayers, the Torah spends a great amount of time legislating how to set up a fair system of civil laws that will help resolve disputes, protect vulnerable members of society and create a society that puts social justice as it’s highest value. <o:p></o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal">In last week’s Torah portion, the Jewish people stood at the foot of Mount Sinai and heard God’s voice speak directly to them. In ten powerful utterances (popularly known as “The Ten Commandments”), God outlined a vision for how a Jewish society would look and act. As the sound and light show at Mount Sinai came to a close, the Jewish people – completely frightened and overwhelmed by having heard the Divine voice – asked Moses “You speak with us, but let not God speak directly to us, lest we die.” The Torah then describes “The people stood far off, but Moses drew near into the thick darkness where God was.” It’s at this point that this week’s Torah portion begins, with God speaking “face to face” with Moses on Mount Sinai.<o:p></o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal">“And these are the rules (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Mishpatim</i>) that you shall set before them.” With this verse, God begins to legislate the detailed version of the Ten Commandments. The word <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Mishpatim</i> refers to civil ordinances, and by beginning with these particular laws, God sends a very powerful message about what it means to be a truly “religious” community. Most people looking to create a “religious community” would begin by building a house of worship. In the Torah, God sees things differently. As the Jewish people are in the initial stages of building their own “religious community,” civil laws governing relationships between people are legislated <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">before </i>the laws on building a house of worship. Courts and judges come before tabernacles and High Priests. The message is that the first definition of being “religious” is how one behaves at work, in business, and how one treats his/her fellow human being. God knows that it’s much easier to behave “religiously” inside a temple or synagogue. The true challenge is maintaining that religiosity in the workplace and at home. It’s less of a challenge to perform the ritual commandment of prayer than it is to make sure that your employee is paid fair wages, and that the payment is made on time.<o:p></o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal">Contemporary society is engaged in a renewed “search for spirituality.” Judaism has joined in that search. A recent Jewish periodical devoted an entire issue to “Orthodoxy and Spirituality,” implying, perhaps, that they are independent of each other. This is probably due to the misguided and limited understanding of the term “spirituality” as almost exclusively a form of prayer or meditation. Is there “spirituality” in solving a dispute in court? Can one experience God when standing in the presence of judges who are charged with carrying out justice?<o:p></o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal">In reference to God, the Book of Psalms teaches: “Righteousness (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Tzedek</i>) and justice <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Mishpat</i>) are the base of Your throne” (Psalms 89:15). On this verse, the 13<sup>th</sup> century Sephardic Talmudist <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Rabbeinu Yonah </i>comments: “Whoever upholds justice (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Mishpat</i>) upholds God’s throne, and whoever perverts justice defiles God’s throne.” <o:p></o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal">Spirituality is <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">“Mishpatim,” </i>that is, the creation and maintenance of a just society that brings the glory of God’s throne into civil life.<o:p></o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
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</div><!--EndFragment-->Rabbi Daniel Bouskilahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15666138196827694495noreply@blogger.com0